The NASA Astronaut Corps is a unit of the United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) that selects, trains, and provides astronauts as crew members for U.S. and international space missions. It is based at Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas.
History The first American astronaut candidates were selected by NASA in 1959, for its Project Mercury with the objective of orbiting astronauts around the Earth in single-man capsules. The military services were asked to provide a list of military test pilots who met specific qualifications. After stringent screening, NASA announced its selection of the "Mercury Seven" as its first astronauts. Since then, NASA has selected 22 more groups of astronauts, opening the corps to civilians, scientists, doctors, engineers, and schoolteachers. As of the 2009 Astronaut Class, 61% of the astronauts selected by NASA have come from military service.
NASA selects candidates from a diverse pool of applicants with a wide variety of backgrounds. From the thousands of applications received, only a few are chosen for the intensive astronaut candidate training program. Including the "Original Seven", 339 candidates have been selected to date.
Organization The Astronaut Corps is based at the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center in Houston, although members may be assigned to other locations based on mission requirements, e.g. Soyuz training at Star City, Russia.
The Chief of the Astronaut Office is the most senior leadership position for active astronauts in the Corps. The Chief Astronaut serves as head of the Corps and is the principal adviser to the NASA Administrator on astronaut training and operations. The first Chief Astronaut was Deke Slayton, appointed in 1962. The current Chief Astronaut is Scott Tingle.
Salary Salaries for newly hired civilian astronauts are based on the federal government's General Schedule pay scale for grades GS-11 through GS-14. The astronaut's grade is based on the astronaut's academic achievements and experience.NASA – Astronaut Selection Astronauts can be promoted up to grade GS-15. As of 2023, astronauts based at the Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas, earn between $79,766 (GS-11 step 1) and $183,500 (GS-15 step 6 and above). As of the new astronaut candidate class announcement of 2024, astronaut candidates will be removed from the GS pay scale and be paid on an AD 'Administratively Determined" scale.
Military astronauts are detailed to the Johnson Space Center and remain on active duty for pay, benefits, leave, and similar military matters.
Qualifications There are no age restrictions for the NASA Astronaut Corps. Astronaut candidates have ranged between the ages of 26 and 46, with the average age being 34. Candidates must be U.S. citizens to apply for the program.
There are three broad categories of qualifications: education, work experience, and medical.
Candidates must have a master's degree from an accredited institution in engineering, biological science, physical science or mathematics. The degree must be followed by at least two to three years of related, progressively responsible, professional experience (graduate work or studies) or at least 1,000 hours of pilot-in-command time in jet aircraft. An advanced degree is desirable and may be substituted for experience, such as a doctoral degree (which counts as the two years experience). Teaching experience, including experience at the K–12 levels, is considered to be qualifying experience.
Candidates must have the ability to pass the NASA long-duration space flight physical, which includes the following specific requirements: Distant and near visual acuity: Must be correctable to 20/20, each eye separately (corrective lenses such as glasses are allowed) The refractive surgical procedures of the eye, PRK and LASIK, are allowed, providing at least one year has passed since the date of the procedure with no permanent adverse after effects. Blood pressure not to exceed 140/90 measured in a sitting position Standing height between and
Members
Active astronauts , the corps has 32 "active" astronauts consisting of 15 women and 17 men. The highest number of active astronauts at one time was in 2000 when there were 149. All of the current astronaut corps are from the classes of 1996 (Group 16) or later.
Missions in italics are scheduled and subject to change. Astronaut Missions Group Days in Space Nichole Ayers 1: SpaceX Crew-10 (Expedition 72/73) 23 (2021) 147.69 Michael Barratt 3: Soyuz TMA-14 (Expedition 19/20), STS-133, SpaceX Crew-8 (Expedition 70/71/72) 18 (2000) 446.64 Kayla Barron 1: SpaceX Crew-3 (Expedition 66/67), upcoming: SpaceX Crew-14 (Expedition 75/76) 22 (2017) 176.11 Marcos Berríos None, awaiting assignment 23 (2021) 0 Christina Birch None, upcoming: SpaceX Crew-14 (Expedition 75/76) 23 (2021) 0 Stephen Bowen 4: STS-126, STS-132, STS-133, SpaceX Crew-6 (Expedition 68/69) 18 (2000) 226.36 Randolph Bresnik 2: STS-129, Soyuz MS-05 (Expedition 52/53), upcoming: Artemis III 19 (2004) 149.51 Deniz Burnham None, upcoming: Soyuz MS-30 (Expedition 75/76) 23 (2021) 0 Zena Cardman 1: SpaceX Crew-11 (Expedition 73/74) 22 (2017) 166.71 Raja Chari 1: SpaceX Crew-3 (Expedition 66/67) 22 (2017) 176.11 Luke Delaney 1: SpaceX Crew-13 (Expedition 75) 23 (2021) Currently in space Matthew Dominick 1: SpaceX Crew-8 (Expedition 70/71/72) 22 (2017) 235.15 Andre Douglas None, upcoming: Artemis III 23 (2021) 0 Tracy Caldwell Dyson 3: STS-118, Soyuz TMA-18 (Expedition 23/24), Soyuz MS-25 (Expedition 70/71) 17 (1998) 372.77 Jack Hathaway 1: SpaceX Crew-12 (Expedition 74/75) 23 (2021) Currently in space Bob Hines 1: SpaceX Crew-4 (Expedition 67/68) 22 (2017) 170.54 Warren Hoburg 1: SpaceX Crew-6 (Expedition 68/69), upcoming: Starliner-2 22 (2017) 185.95 Christina Koch 2: Soyuz MS-12/MS-13 (Expedition 59/60/61), Artemis II 21 (2013) 338.65 Nicole Mann 1: SpaceX Crew-5 (Expedition 68) 21 (2013) 157.42 Anne McClain 2: Soyuz MS-11 (Expedition 57/58/59), SpaceX Crew-10 (Expedition 72/73) 21 (2013) 351.33 Jessica Meir 2: Soyuz MS-15 (Expedition 61/62), SpaceX Crew-12 (Expedition 74/75) 21 (2013) Currently in space Anil Menon 1: Soyuz MS-29 (Expedition 74/75) 23 (2021) Currently in space Jasmin Moghbeli 1: SpaceX Crew-7 (Expedition 69/70) 22 (2017) 199.10 Loral O'Hara 1: Soyuz MS-24 (Expedition 69/70) 22 (2017) 203.65 Donald Pettit 4: STS-113/Soyuz TMA-1 (Expedition 6), STS-126, Soyuz TMA-03M (Expedition 30/31), Soyuz MS-26 (Expedition 71/72) 16 (1996) 590.07 Frank Rubio 1: Soyuz MS-22/MS-23 (Expedition 67/68/69), upcoming: Artemis III 22 (2017) 370.89 Mark Vande Hei 2: Soyuz MS-06 (Expedition 53/54), Soyuz MS-18/Soyuz MS-19 (Expedition 64/65/66) 20 (2009) 523.37 Jessica Watkins 2: SpaceX Crew-4 (Expedition 67/68), SpaceX Crew-13 (Expedition 75) 22 (2017) Currently in space Douglas Wheelock 2: STS-120, Soyuz TMA-19 (Expedition 24/25) 17 (1998) 178.40 Christopher Williams 1: Soyuz MS-28 (Expedition 73/74) 23 (2021) 241.04 Stephanie Wilson 3: STS-121, STS-120, STS-131 16 (1996) 42.99 Jessica Wittner None, awaiting assignment 23 (2021) 0
There are also "international active astronauts", who are assigned to duties at the Johnson Space Center, and who were selected by their home agency to train as part of an NASA Astronaut Group and serve alongside their NASA counterparts. While the international astronauts go through training with the NASA Astronaut Corps, they are not considered members of the corps.
Management astronauts , the corps has 10 "management" astronauts who remain NASA employees but are no longer eligible for flight assignment. The management astronauts included personnel chosen to join the corps as early as 1996 (Group 16) and as recently as 2009 (Group 20). +AstronautCenterAssignmentGroupJoseph AcabaJohnson Space CenterAdvisor, mission planning and strategy19 (2004)Serena Auñón-ChancellorJohnson Space CenterMedical branch / CAPCOM20 (2009)Eric BoeJohnson Space CenterChief of the Vehicle Integration Test Office18 (2000)Yvonne CagleAmes Research CenterFordham University visiting professor16 (1996)Timothy CreamerJohnson Space CenterFlight director17 (1998)Alvin DrewNASA HeadquartersDirector for space sustainability18 (2000)James KellyJohnson Space CenterCAPCOM Branch Chief for the Astronaut Office16 (1996)Kjell LindgrenJohnson Space CenterDeputy Director of the Flight Operations Directorate20 (2009)Stanley LoveJohnson Space CenterDeputy Chief of the Astronaut Office's Rapid Prototying Laboratory17 (1998) Scott Tingle Johnson Space Center Chief of the Astronaut Office 20 (2009)
Emeritus astronauts , the corps has two "emeritus" astronauts who are no longer NASA employees, and as such are no longer eligible for flight assignments, but donate their time to train and mentor current astronauts and other NASA staff members. As they are no longer on the NASA payroll, they are free to pursue other opportunities. The emeritus astronauts included personnel chosen to join the corps as early as 2009 (Group 20) and as recently as 2013 (Group 21). Astronaut Missions Group Days in Space Victor Glover 2: SpaceX Crew-1 (Expedition 64/65), Artemis II 21 (2013) 176.33 Reid Wiseman 2: Soyuz TMA-13M (Expedition 40/41), Artemis II 20 (2009) 174.40
Astronaut candidates The term "Astronaut Candidate" (informally "ASCAN") refers to individuals who have been selected by NASA as candidates for the NASA Astronaut Corps and are currently undergoing a candidacy training program at the Johnson Space Center. The most recent class of astronaut candidates was selected in 2025.
Only three astronaut candidates have resigned before completing training: Brian O'Leary and Anthony Llewellyn, both from the 1967 Selection Group, and Robb Kulin of the 2017 group. O'Leary resigned in April 1968 after additional Apollo missions were cancelled, Llewellyn resigned in August 1968 after failing to qualify as a jet pilot, and Kulin resigned in August 2018 for unspecified personal reasons. Another astronaut candidate, Stephen Thorne, died in an airplane accident before he could finish astronaut training.
Former members Selection as an astronaut candidate and subsequent promotion to astronaut does not guarantee the individual will eventually fly in space. Some have voluntarily resigned or been medically disqualified after becoming astronauts before being selected for flights.
Civilian candidates are expected to remain with the corps for at least five years after initial training; military candidates are assigned for specific tours. After these time limits, members of the Astronaut Corps may resign or retire at any time.
Three members of the Astronaut Corps (Gus Grissom, Edward White, and Roger B. Chaffee) were killed during a ground test accident while preparing for the Apollo 1 mission. Fourteen were killed during spaceflight on Space Shuttle missions STS-51-L and STS-107. Another four (Elliot See, Charles Bassett, Theodore Freeman, and Clifton Williams) were killed in T-38 plane crashes during training for spaceflight during the Gemini and Apollo programs. Another was killed in a 1967 automobile accident, and another died in a 1991 commercial airliner crash while traveling on NASA business.
Two members of the corps have been involuntarily dismissed: Lisa Nowak and William Oefelein. Both were returned to service with the US Navy.
A James Adamson – STS-28, STS-43 Thomas Akers – STS-41, STS-49, STS-61, STS-79 Buzz Aldrin – Gemini 12, Apollo 11 Andrew Allen – STS-46, STS-62, STS-75 Joseph Allen – STS-5, STS-51-A Scott Altman – STS-90, STS-106, STS-109, STS-125 William Anders – Apollo 8 Clayton Anderson – STS-117/STS-120 (Expedition 15), STS-131 Michael Anderson – STS-89, STS-107 Dominic Antonelli – STS-119, STS-132 Jerome Apt – STS-37, STS-47, STS-59, STS-79 Lee Archambault – STS-117, STS-119 Neil Armstrong – Gemini 8, Apollo 11 Richard Arnold – STS-119, Soyuz MS-08 (Expedition 55/56) Jeffrey Ashby – STS-93, STS-100, STS-112