The Mount Carmel Forest Fire (Hebrew: אסון הכרמל Ason HaKarmel, "The Carmel Disaster") was a deadly forest fire that started on Mount Carmel in northern Israel, just south of Haifa. The fire began at about 11:00 local time on 2 December 2010, and spread quickly, consuming much of the Mediterranean forest covering the region. With a death toll of 44, it was the deadliest civil disaster in Israeli history until the 2021 Meron stampede. Those killed included 36 Israel Prison Service members, most of them new recruits, as well as three senior police officers, among them the chief of Haifa's police, and three firefighters, among them a 16-year-old volunteer. More than 17,000 people were evacuated, including several villages in the vicinity of the fire, and there was considerable property and environmental damage.
The fire appeared to be caused by human activity near the Druze town of Isfiya. On 6 December a 14-year-old resident of the town told police that he had inadvertently started the fire with a nargila coal.14-year-old admits to accidentally starting Carmel fire Haaretz, December 6, 2010 The teen's father argued that his son was witnessed in school at the time and could not have started the blaze.Father of Usfiya boy: My son didn't start the Carmel fire, Jerusalem Post 07-12-2010
The fire was followed by a wave of arsons throughout Israel and the West Bank. These fires, which initially created confusion regarding the source of the Carmel blaze, were all extinguished within a few hours of being lit. The motivation for the attacks was not immediately clear. Israeli police have referred to some of these fires as arson.
Government officials, including Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and Foreign Minister Avigdor Lieberman, called on other countries to help assist in firefighting efforts, and the Israel Defense Forces mobilized troops for the same purpose. The fire was defeated on 5 December after raging for 77 hours, a little over three days.The flames are out, now come recovery, recriminations, Jerusalem Post 05-12-2010
Causes
Mount Carmel contains large areas of forests, including large numbers of Aleppo pine trees, which are more easily ignited. Over the years, many fires have occurred on Mount Carmel, among them many which devastated hundreds of thousands of acres of forest. One such as that was the 1989 Mount Carmel forest fire which destroyed about of forest.
Israel had been experiencing an unusually warm autumn and dry conditions;Israel asks for aid as worst forest fire in its history rages Boston Globe, December 3, 2010 previous spring and summer months were also exceptionally hot. It was originally speculated that the fire was caused by the burning of an illegal garbage dump and spread due to the dry conditions and strong winds. Haifa's Mayor Yona Yahav stated that the problem was known and it was "just a matter of time until a calamity occurred".
Israel Police suggested that the fire was caused due to a bonfire that was lit by local residents and not extinguished properly and in time. However, they stressed that the investigation of the incident is in its early phases and cautioned against drawing premature conclusions.Usfiya fire suspects' father: They were framed, Jerusalem Post 05-12-2010 On 4 December, police arrested two adolescent brothers from the Druze town of Isfiya on suspicion of having caused the fire through negligence. Their family denied the accusation. On 5 December, the Haifa Magistrate Court extended the brothers' remand for three days, and on 6 December the court released them from custody under restrictive conditions. There were unconfirmed reports of the teens having hurled burning waste products during a picnic. The same day, police announced that they had arrested two additional youths from Isfiya the previous night, and that more arrests could be expected soon.Court releases 2 Usfiya arson suspects from custody, Jerusalem Post 06-12-2010
In the evening of 6 December, police announced that a 14-year-old resident of Isfiya admitted to inadvertently starting the fire. The teen told investigators that after smoking a nargila, he threw a lit coal into an open area and was so shocked by the result that he returned to school without telling anyone what he had done.Police: Usfiya boy, 14, admitted to starting Carmel fire, Jerusalem Post 06-12-2010
Druze Member of Knesset Ayoob Kara, a resident of Isfiya near where the fire broke out, had said on the evening of 2 December that he had received information that the fire was a terror act. MKs Ya'akov Katz and Michael Ben-Ari also cited the possibility that the fire was an act of terrorism and called for an investigation.
Fatalities The fire claimed 44 lives. Thirty-seven were prison service officers course cadets and their commanding officers, who were on the way to Damun Prison to evacuate its prisoners from the path of the flames. Their bus driver also perished, as did three senior police officers, two firefighters and one teenager who was a volunteer firefighter. On December 4, it was announced that all of the victims had been identified.
Prison service bus incident 36 Israel Prison Service members, of whom the majority were new recruits, died in the fire. After the fire started on December 2, the Damun Prison in the area of the fire called for reinforcements in order to evacuate prisoners. A bus carrying Israel Prison Service cadets came to assist, but caught fire on its way. Several Police officers and a number of firefighters who were behind the bus were also injured and some were killed, including Commander Ahuva Tomer, head of the Haifa police station and the first woman to hold such a major command; Tomer suffered severe burns and died in hospital on December 6.Haifa Police chief Ahuva Tomer dies of injuries from Carmel fire, Haaretz, December 6, 2010 A prison service cadet who was badly burned in the incident died in hospital on December 11Carmel fire death-toll rises to 43, Jerusalem Post, December 11, 2010 and a firefighter who had been hospitalized with serious burns died on December 18.
An initial investigation showed that a tree fell down on the road, trapping the bus in a fireball. According to Internal Security Minister Yitzhak Aharonovich, after the vehicle caught fire, the driver was injured and lost control. While performing a U-turn on the narrow road the bus caught fire and the cadets tried to escape the burning vehicle. The back door would not open due to the extreme heat but was eventually broken through, enabling some cadets to flee the burning bus; however, those who fled encountered the intense blaze outside. An officer and two cadets were able to escape and were picked up by a passing motorist, who then drove through the fire to safety.'My cadets burned alive' Ynetnews, Raanan Ben-Zur Published: 12.03.10Three meters between life and death Jerusalem Post, 12/5/2010 Most of the IPS officers and cadets had been in their 20s and 30s, and several were Druze.Forest fire in Israel kills 37 prison guards trapped in fleeing busLA Times, By Edmund Sanders, December 3, 2010Funerals held across the country for fire victims Jerusalem Post, By Melanie Lidman, December 4, 2010 The incident is the country's deadliest single peacetime event involving security forces.
Extinguishing the fire
The Israel Fire and Rescue Services attempted to contain the blaze, and were assisted by Israeli volunteer firefighters and the Israel Police. In addition, the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) sent two battalions to assist with the extinguishing of the fire and various evacuations. It also sent heavy ground equipment from nearby military bases, including firetrucks, water tanks, cranes, D9 bulldozers and other equipment. The Israeli Air Force used an unmanned aerial vehicle for reconnaissance and intelligence collection. Use of other aircraft was prohibited because of a decade-old decision that prohibits military aircraft from being used in such a situation.
Israel requested help from various countries, including the United States. Turkey and Greece offered to send assistance to fight the fire. Greece was the first country to respond, sending 4 CL-415 aircraft supported by 1 C-130H with technicians and equipment to Ramat David Airbase. Greece also sent 1 more CL-415 and 1 C-130H with firefighters the next day. Turkey sent two firefighting aircraft, which started to extinguish fire in the early hours of December 3. The Netherlands sent four fire extinguisher-aircraft, which could do their job as early as Monday, the 6th of December, since Benjamin Netanyahu asked the Netherlands, as well as Belgium, Germany, Finland, Norway, and Russia specifically for help. The Swiss Air Force provided three Cougar Helicopter with fire fighting capabilities. Cyprus dispatched a helicopter and a plane to assist in the fire-fighting effort. Russia sent one Ilyushin Il-76 (capable of holding up to forty tons of water) and two Be-200 special firefighting planes. EMERCOM planes start putting out fires in Israel Countries that offered help include Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, France, Jordan, Romania, Spain with four seaplanes and the United Kingdom who sent two Royal Air Force helicopters. Italy and Egypt also offered firefighting planes.
Netanyahu said he had a "warm" discussion with Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas, who offered any assistance he could to help Israel with the fire, even though the U.S. was trying to restart peace talks between the Israelis and Palestinians that broke down in September over the issue of construction West Bank settlements. The Palestinian Authority sent several fire trucks to help extinguish fires near the Israeli-Arab localities of Tayibe and Barta'a;PA lends firefighters a hand Ynetnews, by Ali Waked, 12.03.10, 15:37 on Sunday, December 5, 21 Palestinian firefighters joined the efforts in the Carmel Forest area itself.Palestinian firefighters help battle Carmel blaze Ynetnews, by Assan Shaalan, 12.05.10, 14:18 Senior Palestinian Authority security official Ahmed Rizek Abu Rabia said: "This is a human catastrophe. The Palestinian side is offering all the help it can through official channels."
On December 4, the Israeli government decided to hire Evergreen's Boeing 747 Supertanker to help extinguish the blaze. The plane landed at 01:00 at Ben Gurion International Airport. The plane took off and at about 11:00 it released its first cargo of water. Later in the day it made a second sortie, dropping fire retardant.
The Turkish assistance was considered surprising, due to the strain on the Turkish–Israeli relationship since the Israeli raid on a humanitarian flotilla which killed nine Turkish activists. At a Security Cabinet meeting, Netanyahu thanked Turkish Prime Minister Erdoğan (and others) for their offer to help, saying he "hopes this will be the beginning of better relations between our two countries".
Environmental and property damage
The fire caused widespread damage to property, as well as ecological damage. It initially spread very quickly because of the wind, and cut off power to houses in the vicinity. At least of forest were destroyed, and damage was caused to the Carmel Hai-Bar Nature Reserve. Omri Bone, the Northern Region Director of the Jewish National Fund, estimated that 1.5 million trees burnt in the fire. However, another 4 million trees have reportedly burned since then. According to officials, nearly half of the of the Carmel Forest reserve have been destroyed in the fire. Officials say it could take dozens of years to rehabilitate the area.