Proto-Malayo-Polynesian language

Proto-Malayo-Polynesian (PMP) is the reconstructed ancestor of the Malayo-Polynesian languages, which is by far the largest branch (by current speakers) of the Austronesian language family. Proto-Malayo-Polynesian is ancestral to all Austronesian languages spoken outside Taiwan, as well as the Yami language on Taiwan's Orchid Island. The first systematic reconstruction of Proto-Austronesian ("Uraustronesisch") by Otto Dempwolff was based on evidence from languages outside of Taiwan, and was therefore actually the first reconstruction of what is now known as Proto-Malayo-Polynesian.Dempwolff, Otto (1934–37). Vergleichende Lautlehre des austronesischen Wortschatzes. (Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für Eingeborenen-Sprachen 15;17;19). Berlin: Dietrich Reimer. (3 vols.)

Phonology

Consonants The following consonants can be reconstructed for Proto-Malayo-Polynesian (Blust 2009):

Labial Alveolar Palatal Retroflex Velar Uvular Glottal Occlusive *m *n *ñ /ɲ/ *ŋ *p *t *c /c͡ç/ *k *q *b *d *z /ɟ͡ʝ/ *D /ɖ/ *g Continuant *s *h *w *l, *r *y /j/ *R /ʀ/

The phonetic value of the reconstructed sounds *p, *b, *w, *m, *t, *d, *n, *s, *l, *r, *k, *g, *ŋ, *q, *h was as indicated by the spelling. The symbols *ñ, *y, *z, *D, *j, *R are orthographic conventions first introduced by Dyen (1947).Dyen, Isidore. (1951). Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *Z. Language, 27(4), 534–540. The assumed phonetic values are given in the table.

This consonant system is quite similar to the ancestral Proto-Austronesian (PAN) system, but is characterized by three mergers:

PAN *t/*C > PMP *t PAN *n/*N > PMP *n PAN *h/*S > PMP *h

Vowels The Proto-Austronesian vowels *a, *i, *u, *e (*e representing /ə/) and final diphthongs *ay, *aw, *uy, *iw remained unchanged.

Alternative views In a 2016 study, Roger BlenchBlench, Roger. 2016. The boiling pot: 4000 years ago in the Luzon straits. cast doubts that there was a unitary Proto-Malayo-Polynesian language. Rather, Malayo-Polynesian expansion across the Luzon Strait consisted of multi-ethnic crews rapidly settling across various locations in maritime Southeast Asia, as suggested by both archaeological and linguistic evidence. There was also a Malayo-Polynesian migration to Hainan; Blench (2016) notes that both Hlai and Austronesian peoples use the foot-braced backstrap loom.

Lexicon Below are selected animal and plant names in Proto-Malayo-Polynesian from the Austronesian Comparative Dictionary.

Animal names +Fish names No. Reconstruction levels Common name Scientific name Proto-Malayo-Polynesian 710 PMP a dove Ducula spp.? 2201 PMP a fish Scomberoides sp. 9215 PMP a fish, the fusilier Caesionidae sp. 8519 PMP a fish, the sea perch, giant rockcod, giant grouper Epinephelus spp. 4366 PMP a fish: the big-eyed scad Trachiurops crumenophthalmus 251 PMP a fruit-bearing plant Pisonia umbellifera 1532 PMP a white fish, the tarpon Megalops cyprinoides 1636 PMP batfish Platax spp. 1635 PMP batfish Platax spp. 4379 PMP fish sp.: mullet sp. Neomyxus chaptalli 4380 PMP fish sp.: the milkfish Chanos chanos 4378 PMP fish sp.: the milkfish Chanos chanos 2095 PMP goatfish Mullidae 9513 PMP green jobfish Aprion virescens 3187 PMP kind of striped or spotted marine fish, grouper Epinephelus spp. 9509 PMP needlefish Istiophorus spp. 5519 PMP porcupine fish, puffer fish Diodon sp. 9141 PMP Spanish mackerel, kingfish Scomberomorini spp. 5516 PMP squirrelfish Holocentrus spp. 3168 PMP suckerfish, remora; hold on by biting Echeneis naucrates 2492 PMP suckerfish, remora; hold on by biting Echeneis naucrates 11354 PMP surgeonfish Acanthurus spp. 11354 PMP surgeonfish Acanthurus spp. 10662 PMP unicorn fish Acanthurus unicornis 4703 PMP unicorn fish Naso spp. 4699 PMP unicorn fish Naso spp.

+Other animal names No. Reconstruction levels Common name Scientific name Proto-Malayo-Polynesian 7001 PMP the green turtle Chelonia mydas *peñu 9539 PMP kingfisher Halcyon spp. *sikek 6845 PAN, PMP, PWMP the Formosan rock monkey Macaca cyclopis *luCuŋ 3809 PMP fruit bat, flying fox Pteropus spp. *paniki 9052 PMP civet cat and similar small predatory mammals of the family Viverridae Viverridae *musaŋ 7811 PMP giant clam Tridacna gigas *kima 4842 PMP the spider conch Lambis lambis *Raŋa 8637 PMP the spider conch Lambis lambis *Raŋak 8638 PMP the spider conch Lambis lambis *RaŋaR 4390 PMP coconut crab Birgus latro *qayuyu 4224 PMP a small bee Apis indica *qani-Ruan 4283 PMP a small bee Apis indica *qari-ñuan 6861 PAN, PMP, PWMP, PCEMP, PCMP jungle leech Haemadipsa spp. *-matek 6864 PMP jungle leech Haemadipsa spp. *qala-matek 1726 PMP ringworm Tinea imbricata *buqeni 3800 PMP fungus infection which produces light patches on the skin Tinea flava or Pityriasis *panaw₁

Plant names +Selected plant names No. Reconstruction levels Common name Scientific name Proto-Malayo-Polynesian 8724 PMP a cereal grass with edible seeds that are also used as beads, Job's tears Coix lacryma-jobi *zelay 4343 PMP a climbing plant Wedelia biflora *qatay qatay₁ 11282 PMP a cycad Cycas rumphii *patuRu 3686 PMP a fern Lygodium spp. *nituq 7071 PMP a hairy vine Pueraria hirsuta *bahay 4562 PMP a hardwood tree Intsia bijuga, Afzelia bijuga *qipil 484 PAN, PMP, PWMP, PCEMP, PCMP a lily-like plant Crinum asiaticum *bakuŋ₁ 4206 PMP a palm Oncosperma sp.? *qanibuŋ 8448 PMP a plant Leea spp. *mali 3566 PMP a plant Leea spp. *mali-mali 7082 PAN, PMP, PWMP a plant Phragmites spp. *qaReNu 71 PMP a plant Pipturus argenteus *adamay 11885 PMP a plant Solanum nigrum *hameti 4039 PAN, PMP, PWMP, PCEMP, PCMP a plant Urena lobata *puluC 11265 PMP a plant used to stun fish Derris elliptica *bunat 8455 PAN, PMP, PWMP, PCEMP, PCMP, PEMP, POC a plant with roots that are pounded and put in rivers to stun fish Derris elliptica *tuba 590 PMP a plant yielding useful fibers Thespesia populnea *balu₁ 1832 PMP a shore tree Barringtonia spp. *butun 1275 PMP a shore tree Calophyllum inophyllum *bitaquR 301 PMP a shore tree Casuarina equisetifolia *aRuhu 4290 PMP a shore tree Casuarina equisetifolia *qaRuhu 10441 PMP a shore tree with edible nuts Terminalia catappa *talisay 5317 PMP a shrub Cordyline, Dracaena *siRi 717 PMP a small shore tree Hibiscus tiliaceus *baRu 12684 PMP a small tree bearing round, green fruit Ehretia spp. *kanawah 8398 PMP a swamp palm Nipa fruticans *nipaq 10824 PMP a tall forest tree which emits an unpleasant odor Sterculia foetida *bubuR₃ 5189 PMP a thorny tree Caesalpinia spp. *sepaŋ 612 PMP a thorny vine Smilax spp. *banaR₁ 620 PMP a thorny vine Smilax spp. *banaw 2257 PMP a tree Alstonia scholaris *ditaq 3274 PMP a tree Artocarpus sp. *kulu₁ 12727 PMP a tree Bischofia javanica *tuquR₂ 2574 PMP a tree Cordia dichotoma *hanunaŋ 4243 PAN, PMP, PWMP, PCEMP, PCMP a tree Cordia dichotoma *qaNuNaŋ 3103 PMP a tree Cordia spp. *kanawa 10144 PMP a tree Cordia spp. *kendal 6886 PMP a tree Cynometra spp. *namut-namut 5661 PMP a tree Dolichandrone spathacea *tui₁ 2198 PMP a tree Dracontomelon edule *daqu₁ 2218 PMP a tree Erythrina spp. *dedap 4279 PMP a tree Ficus spp. *qaRa₁ 5384 PMP a tree Gnetum gnemon *suka₁ 4220 PMP a tree Grewia spp. *qanilaw 8451 PMP a tree Inocarpus spp., possibly the Tahitian chestnut: Inocarpus edulis *gayam 3097 PMP a tree Murraya sp. *kamuniŋ 782 PMP a tree Nauclea sp. *baŋkal 3884 PMP a tree Ochrosia oppositifolia *pauq 3649 PMP a tree Pterocarpus indica *nara 3648 PMP a tree Pterocarpus indica *naRah 738 PMP a tree Pterospermum sp. *bayuR 3126 PMP a tree Schleichera trijuga *kasambiʔ 3086 PMP a tree Sterculia foetida *kalumpaŋ 2239 PMP a tree Trema orientalis *deRuŋ₂ 3903 PMP a tree Vitex pubescens *pa(m)pa 7098 PMP a tree with dense clusters of red flowers, the Indian coral tree Erythrina indica *dapdap₁ 9114 PMP a tree with edible fruit, and medicinal uses Buchanania arborescens? *balunuR 3104 PMP a tree with fragrant flowers Cananga odorata *kanaŋa 12774 PMP a tree, the Chinese mahogany or Philippine mahogany Shorea albus *bulah 2719 PMP a vine Flagellaria indica *huaR 11109 PMP an evergreen tree with decorative flowers Cynometra ramiflora *namut 1046 PAN, PMP, PWMP, PCEMP, PCMP, PEMP, POC bamboo of very large diameter Dendrocalamus sp.? *betuŋ₁ 9776 PAN, PMP, PWMP, PCEMP, PCMP bamboo spp. Bambusa spinosa? *kawayan 11263 PMP betel pepper Piper betle *bu-bulu 8466 PMP bracket fungus Polyporus spp. *kulat₂ 1146 PMP calabash tree Crescentia spp. *bila₁ 1223 PAN, PMP, PWMP cane grass Miscanthus sp. *biRaSu 10249 PAN, PMP, PWMP castor bean Ricinus communis *katawa 1582 PMP cowrie shell Cypraea mauritiana *buliq₁ 4358 PMP cucumber Cucumis sativus *qatimun 10768 PMP elephant grass, miscanthus grass Themeda gigantea *taŋelaj 1255 PMP fan palm Licuala rumphii *biRu 7972 PMP hardwood tree with edible fruit and valuable timber Palaquium spp. *ñatuq 7996 PMP indigo plant and dye Indigofera suffruticosa and Indigofera tinctoria *taRum 7083 PMP kind of fruit tree Pometia pinnata *tawan 6542 PMP kind of mangrove, with bark used for dyeing Ceriops spp. *teŋeR 11007 PMP mango tree and its fruit Mangifera altissima? *pahuq₁ 8750 PAN, PMP, PWMP millet sp. Setaria italica (?) *zawa₂ 1033 PMP millet sp., probably foxtail millet Setaria italica *betem 812 PMP millet sp., probably foxtail millet Setaria italica *beteŋ₁ 7254 PAN, PMP, PWMP mulberry tree and fruit Morus formosensis *taNiud 11844 PMP new shoots of cogon grass Imperata cylindrica *mimis₁ 1763 PMP palm sp. Corypha elata *buri₁ 3089 PAN, PMP, PWMP plant sp. Diospyros discolor *kamaya 3671 PMP plant sp. Donax canniformis, used as material for making baskets *niniq₁ 4614 PAN, PMP, PWMP, PCEMP, PCMP, PEMP, PSHWNG, POC rattan Calamus sp. *quay 7169 PMP stinging nettle Laportea spp. *la-lateŋ 7167 PMP stinging nettle Laportea spp. *lateŋ 7183 PMP stinging nettle Laportea spp. *zalateŋ 7185 PMP stinging nettle Laportea spp. *zilateŋ 4204 PMP sugar palm Arenga spp. *qanahaw 7953 PMP sugarcane Saccharum officinarum *tebuh₁ 2055 PMP sugarcane Saccharum officinarum *tebuh₂ 2399 PMP sword grass Imperata cylindrica *eRiq 10161 PMP sword grass Imperata cylindrica *guRun 12663 PMP sword grass Imperata cylindrica *keRiq 4900 PAN, PMP, PWMP sword grass Imperata cylindrica *Riaq 7486 PMP taro Colocasia esculenta *tales 9775 PMP the candlenut tree Aleurites moluccanus *kamiri 9775 PMP the candlenut tree Aleurites moluccanus *kamiri 12248 PMP the Indian cork tree Millingtonia hortensis *taŋga₂ 11262 PMP the Indian tulip tree Thespesia populnea *banaRu 3066 PMP the kapok tree Bombax ceiba *kabu-kabu 3263 PMP tree sp. Schoutenia ovata *kukun 5653 PMP tree sp. Sesbania grandiflora *tudiq 8882 PMP tree with dense clusters of red flowers, the Indian coral tree Erythrina indica *depdep 9942 PMP tree with edible nut, the Canarium almond (or the galip or ngari nut) Canarium indicum *kanari 4260 PMP tree with leaves like sandpaper Ficus spp. *qa(m)pelas 3332 PMP tree with poisonous sap Antiaris toxicaria? *laji₁ 4722 PAN, PMP, PWMP, PCEMP, PCMP tree with sticky fruits Cordia spp. *quNuNaŋ 10888 PMP tree spp. Barringtonia spp. *putat 7652 PMP turmeric Curcuma longa *kunij 1601 PAN, PMP, PWMP, PCEMP, PCMP, PEMP, PSHWNG, POC type of slender bamboo Schizostachyum spp. *buluq₂ 1219 PMP wild taro, elephant's ear or itching taro; sexual itch Alocasia spp. *biRaq₁ 1219 PMP wild taro, elephant's ear or itching taro; sexual itch Alocasia spp. *biRaq₁ 4625 PMP yam Dioscorea alata *qubi

See also Proto-Austronesian language Proto-Philippine language Proto-Oceanic language Proto-Polynesian language

Notes

References

Proto-Malayo-Polynesian language

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