Pešek (feminine: Pešková) is a Czech surname. It was probably derived from the given name Petr, but there is also a theory that it was derived from the Czech word pešek (meaning 'baton'). Notable people with the surname include:

Daniela Pešková (born 1984), Slovak sport shooter Eliška Pešková (1833–1895), Czech actress and playwright Jakub Pešek (born 1993), Czech footballer Jiří Pešek (1927–2011), Czech footballer Josef Pešek, Czech ice dancer Karel Pešek (1895–1970), Czech football and ice hockey player Karel Pešek (motorcyclist) (born 1992), Czech motorcycle racer Ladislav Pešek (1906–1986), Czech actor Libor Pešek (1933–2022), Czech conductor Luděk Pešek (1919–1999), Czech artist and novelist Lukáš Pešek (born 1985), Czech motorcycle racer Vlasta Pešková (born 1938), Czech athlete

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