Parrots, also known as psittacines (), are the 402 species of birds that make up the order Psittaciformes, found in most tropical and subtropical regions, of which 387 are extant. The order is subdivided into three superfamilies; the Psittacoidea ("true" parrots), the Cacatuoidea (cockatoos), and the Strigopoidea (New Zealand parrots). Parrots have a generally pantropical distribution with several species inhabiting temperate regions in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres as well. The greatest diversity of parrots is in South America and Australasia.

The Cacatuoidea are distinct from the rest of the order in having a movable head crest, a different arrangement of the carotid arteries, a gall bladder, differences in the skull bones, and in lacking the Dyck texture feathers that, in the Psittacoidea, scatter light to produce the vibrant colours of so many parrots. The Lorikeets were previously regarded as a family, Loriidae, but are now considered a tribe (Loriini) within the subfamily Loriinae, family Psittaculidae. Some species, such as the Puerto Rican amazon (Amazona vittata) have had a population bottleneck (in this case reduced to 13 individuals in 1975) and subsequently have low genetic variability and low reproductive success, leading to complications with conservation.

No consensus existed regarding the taxonomy of Psittaciformes until recently. The placement of the Strigopoidea species has been variable in the past. They were once considered part of the Psittacoidea, but recent 21st century studies place this group of New Zealand species as their own superfamily next to the Cacatuoidea and remaining members of the Psittacoidea. Many studies have confirmed the unique placement of this group at the base of the parrot tree. Most authors now accept this group as a separate taxon containing a single family Strigopidae, though some split this into two families, Nestoridae and Strigopidae. Conversely, the relationships among various cockatoo genera are largely resolved.

Conventions

Conservation status codes listed follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the bird's range is provided. Ranges are based on the IUCN red list for that species unless otherwise noted. The extinct species listed became extinct after 1500 CE (recently extinct), and are indicated by a dagger symbol "†".

Classification

The order Psittaciformes consists of 387 extant species belonging to 87 genera. The following classification is based on the most recent proposals as of 2012, with some updates to match the AviList.

Superfamily Strigopoidea: New Zealand parrots Family Strigopidae: three genera with three living (the flightless, critically endangered kākāpō, the kea and the New Zealand kaka), and several extinct species in the New Zealand region Superfamily Cacatuoidea: cockatoos Family Cacatuidae Subfamily Nymphicinae: one genus with one species, the cockatiel Subfamily Calyptorhynchinae: the black cockatoos Subfamily Cacatuinae Tribe Microglossini: one genus with one species, the black palm cockatoo Tribe Cacatuini: four genera of white, pink, and grey species Superfamily Psittacoidea: true parrots Family Psittacidae Subfamily Psittacinae: two African genera, Psittacus and Poicephalus Subfamily Arinae Tribe Arini: eighteen genera Tribe Androglossini: seven genera Family Psittaculidae Subfamily Psittrichasinae: one species, Pesquet's parrot Subfamily Coracopsinae: one genus with several species Subfamily Platycercinae Tribe Pezoporini: ground parrots and allies Tribe Platycercini: broad-tailed parrots Subfamily Psittacellinae: one genus (Psittacella) with several species Subfamily Loriinae Tribe Loriini: lories and lorikeets Tribe Melopsittacini: one genus with one species, the budgerigar Tribe Cyclopsittini: fig parrots Subfamily Agapornithinae: three genera Subfamily Psittaculinae Tribe Polytelini: three genera Tribe Psittaculini: Asian psittacines Tribe Micropsittini: pygmy parrots

New Zealand parrots

Family Strigopidae

+Common nameScientific nameIUCN Red List StatusRangePictureKākāpōS. habroptilus Gray, 1845Codfish Island / Whenua Hou, Anchor Island, and Little Barrier Island

+Common nameScientific nameIUCN Red List StatusRangePictureNew Zealand kākāN. meridionalis (Gmelin, 1788)Norfolk kākā†N. productus (Gould, 1836)Formerly Norfolk Island and Phillip Island until 1851KeaN. notabilis Gould, 1856

Cockatoos

Family Cacatuidae

Subfamily Calyptorhynchinae

+Common nameScientific nameIUCN Red List StatusRangePictureRed-tailed black cockatooC. banksii (Latham, 1790)Glossy black cockatooC. lathami (Temminck, 1807)

+Common nameScientific nameIUCN Red List StatusRangePictureBaudin's black cockatooZ. baudinii (Lear, 1832)Yellow-tailed black cockatooZ. funerea (Shaw, 1794) Z. f. funereus in red, Z. f. xanthanotus in greenCarnaby's black cockatooZ. latirostris (Carnaby, 1948)

Subfamily Nymphicinae

+Common nameScientific nameIUCN Red List StatusRangePictureCockatielN. hollandicus (Kerr, 1792)

Subfamily Cacatuinae

Tribe Microglossini

+Common nameScientific nameIUCN Red List StatusRangePicturePalm cockatooP. aterrimus (Gmelin, 1788)

Tribe Cacatuini

+Common nameScientific nameIUCN Red List StatusRangePictureGang-gang cockatooC. fimbriatum (Grant, 1803)

+Common nameScientific nameIUCN Red List StatusRangePictureGalahE. roseicapilla (Vieillot, 1817)

+Common nameScientific nameIUCN Red List StatusRangePictureWhite cockatooC. alba (Müller, 1776)North MalukuSolomons cockatooC. ducorpsii Pucheran, 1853Solomon IslandsSulphur-crested cockatooC. galerita (Latham, 1790) Native range in red, introduced range in violetTanimbar corellaC. goffiniana Roselaar and Michels, 2004Yamdena and Larat of the Tanimbar Islands, and introduced to the Kai IslandsRed-vented cockatooC. haematuropygia (Müller, 1776)The PhilippinesPink cockatooC. leadbeateri (Vigors, 1831)Salmon-crested cockatooC. moluccensis (Gmelin, 1788)Seram, Ambon Island, Saparua and Haruku IslandBlue-eyed cockatooC. ophthalmica Sclater, 1864Western corellaC. pastinator (Gould, 1841)Southwest Australian coast Little corellaC. sanguinea Gould, 1843Australia, excluding Cape York Peninsula and west central Australia, and introduced to TasmaniaYellow-crested cockatooC. sulphurea (Gmelin, 1788) Native range in blue, introduced range in redLong-billed corellaC. tenuirostris (Kuhl, 1820)New South Wales, excluding the eastern coast

True parrots

Family Psittacidae

Subfamily Psittacinae

+Common nameScientific nameIUCN Red List StatusRangePictureGrey parrotP. erithacus Linnaeus, 1758Timneh parrotP. timneh Fraser, 1844

+Common nameScientific nameIUCN Red List StatusRangePictureSenegal parrotP. senegalus (Linnaeus, 1766)West Africa (excluding the Maghreb)Red-bellied parrotP. rufiventris (Rüppell, 1842)Eastern Horn of Africa, eastern Kenya, and northeast TanzaniaRüppell's parrotP. rueppellii (G. R. Gray, 1849)Northern Namibia and the coast of AngolaBrown-necked parrotP. fuscicollis (Kuhl, 1820)From Gambia and southern Senegal to Ghana and TogoCape parrotP. robustus (Gmelin, 1788)Meyer's parrotP. meyeri (Cretzschmar, 1827)Red-fronted parrotP. gulielmi (Jardine, 1849)Yellow-fronted parrotP. flavifrons (Rüppell, 1842)Western EthiopiaBrown-headed parrotP. cryptoxanthus (Peters, 1854)Southeast African coastNiam-Niam parrotP. crassus (Sharpe, 1884)Central Central African Republic

Subfamily Arinae (neotropical parrots)

Tribe Arini

+Common nameScientific nameIUCN Red List StatusRangePictureBurrowing parrotC. patagonus (Vieillot, 1818)Central Argentina stretching to the coasts

+Common nameScientific nameIUCN Red List StatusRangePictureSlender-billed parakeetE. leptorhynchus (King, 1831)Central Chilean coast (central meaning halfway between the northern and southern extremes)Austral parakeetE. ferrugineus (Müller, 1776)Eastern Patagonian coast, southern Tierra del Fuego, the Falkland Islands, South Sandwich Islands and South Georgia

+Common nameScientific nameIUCN Red List StatusRangePictureThick-billed parrotR. pachyrhyncha (Swainson, 1827)Sierra Madre OccidentalMaroon-fronted parrotR. terrisi Moore, 1947Sierra Madre Oriental

+Common nameScientific nameIUCN Red List StatusRangePictureOchre-marked parakeetP. cruentata (Wied-Neuwied, 1820)Scattered populations around the southeastern coast of Brazil (north of São Paulo)Maroon-bellied parakeetP. frontalis (Vieillot, 1818)Southwest Brazil, northern Uruguay, and southern ParaguayBlaze-winged parakeetP. devillei (Massena and de Souancé, 1854)Northern Paraguay and Southwest Brazil along the Brazil/(northern) Paraguay borderCrimson-bellied parakeetP. perlata (Spix, 1824)Central Brazil and along the Brazil/Bolivia borderPearly parakeetP. lepida (Wagler, 1832)Northeast Brazil south of the Amazon RiverGreen-cheeked parakeetP. molinae (Massena and de Souancé, 1854)Painted parakeetP. picta (Müller, 1776)Northeast South America, north of the Amazon river and east of the Venezuela/Colombia borderSinú parakeetP. subandina (Todd, 1917)Sinú Valley in northern Colombia near (but not bordering) the Gulf of DariénAzuero parakeetP. eisenmanni Delgado, 1985Southwest Azuero PeninsulaVenezuelan parakeetP. emma Salvadori, 1891Northern coast of VenezuelaSantarem parakeetP. amazonum Hellmayr, 1906Central and southeast Amazon in BrazilMadeira parakeetP. snethlageae Joseph and Bates, 2002Eastern Brazil, west of the Brazil/Bolivia border, south of the Madeira River, and north of the Araguaia RiverBonaparte's parakeetP. lucianii (Deville, 1851)Northwest Amazon rainforest in BrazilRose-fronted parakeetP. roseifrons (Gray, 1859)Along the Peru/Brazil border and Peru/Bolivia borderWavy-breasted parakeetP. peruviana Hocking, Blake, and Joseph, 2002Along the Marañón river in northern Peru and EcuadorWhite-eared parakeetP. leucotis (Kuhl, 1820)Southeast Brazilian coast, north of Rio de Janeiro and south of Salvador de BahiaGrey-breasted parakeetP. griseipectus Salvadori, 1900Scattered populations in northern Ceará, a state in BrazilPfrimer's parakeetP. pfrimeri de Miranda-Ribeiro, 1920Dry forest near the Serra GeralFiery-shouldered parakeetP. egregia (Sclater, 1881)Venezuela west of the Rio Caroni, and Guyana east of the Mazaruni RiverSanta Marta parakeetP. viridicata Todd, 1913Sierra Nevada de Santa MartaMaroon-tailed parakeetP. melanura (Spix, 1824)Northwest South America, east of the Andes MountainsEl Oro parakeetP. orcesi Ridgely & Robbins, 1988El Oro Province in EcuadorBlack-capped parakeetP. rupicola (Tschudi, 1844)Around the Brazil/Peru/Bolivia border within the State of Acre and west of the Andes mountainsWhite-breasted parakeetP. albipectus Chapman, 1914Zamora-Chinchipe ProvinceFlame-winged parakeetP. calliptera (Massena and de Souancé, 1854)Andes mountains in ColombiaBlood-eared parakeetP. hoematotis de Souancé, 1857Northern coast of VenezuelaRose-crowned parakeetP. rhodocephala (Sclater and Salvin, 1871)Andes mountains in Venezuela, near Lake MaracaiboSulphur-winged parakeetP. hoffmanni (Cabanis, 1861)Continental Divide running through Costa Rica and Panama

+Common nameScientific nameIUCN Red List StatusRangePictureGlaucous macawA. glaucus (Vieillot, 1816)A small population in northeast Argentina near the Argentina/Brazil/Paraguay borderHyacinth macawA. hyacinthinus (Latham, 1790)Lear's macawA. leari Bonaparte, 1856

+Common nameScientific nameIUCN Red List StatusRangePictureGolden-plumed parakeetL. branickii von Berlepsch and Stolzmann, 1894Andes mountains in Peru, Colombia, and near the Ecuador/Peru and Ecuador/Colombia borders

+Common nameScientific nameIUCN Red List StatusRangePictureYellow-eared parrotO. icterotis (Massena and de Souancé, 1854)Along the Chocó Department/Antioquia Department border