Annie Shepherd Swan, CBE (8 July 1859 – 17 June 1943) was a Scottish journalist and fiction writer. She wrote mainly under her maiden name, but also as David Lyall and later Mrs Burnett Smith. A writer of romantic fiction for women, she had over 200 novels, serials, stories and other fiction published between 1878 and her death.William Russel lAitken, Scottish Literature in English and Scots: A Guide to Information Sources. Detroit: Gale Research, 1982, p. 170. Sutherland, John. The Stanford Companion to Victorian Fiction. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1990. , pp. 200–201.Anne Varty, ed., Eve's Century: A Sourcebook of Writings on Women and Journalism, 1895–1918. London and New York: Routledge, 2000, p. 254. Carol Anderson and Aileen Christianson, Scottish Women's Fiction, 1920s to 1960s: Journeys into Being. East Linton, Scotland: Tuckwell Press, 2000, p. 165. She has been called "one of the most commercially successful popular novelists of the later nineteenth and early twentieth centuries". Swan was politically active in the First World War, and as a suffragist, a Liberal activist and founder-member and vice-president of the Scottish National Party.
Early life Swan was born on 8 July 1859 in Mountskip, Gorebridge, Scotland. She was one of the seven children of Edward Swan (died 1893), a farmer and merchant, by his first wife, Euphemia Brown (died 1881). After her father's business failed, she attended school in Edinburgh, latterly at Queen Street Ladies College. Her father belonged to an Evangelical Union congregation, but she turned in adulthood to the Church of Scotland. She persistently wrote fiction as a teenager.
Writings Her first publication was Wrongs Righted (1881), as a serial in The People's Friend. This periodical she long saw as the mainstay of her career, although she contributed to many others.Lindsay, Maurice. History of Scottish Literature. London: Hale, 1977, p. 348.
The novel that made her reputation was Aldersyde (1883), a romance set in the Scottish Borders that was favourably reviewed. Swan received an autographed letter of appreciation from Lord Tennyson. Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone wrote to The Scotsman that he thought it "beautiful as a work of art" for its "truly living sketches of Scottish character".Robert Crawford, Scotland's Books: A History of Scottish Literature. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.
Later successes such as The Gates of Eden (1887) and Maitland of Lauriston (1891) owed a debt to the fiction of Margaret Oliphant, who was among her critics, accusing Swan's novels of presenting a stereotypical, unrealistic depiction of Scotland. In a review of Carlowrie (1884), Oliphant went so far as to say Swan "presented an entirely distorted view of Scottish life." Because of her dominance over The Woman at Home, editor-in-chief W. R. Nicoll often called it Annie Swan's Magazine. She became editor of the magazine from 1893 to 1917. While writing for the British Weekly, she became acquainted with S. R. Crockett and J. M. Barrie, whose work like hers was given the unflattering epithet kailyard, an allusion to its parochialism and sentimentality.
By 1898, Swan had published over 30 books, mainly novels, many published serially. She also wrote poetry, stories and books on advice, politics and religion. In 1901, The Juridical Review reported that Swan's books were the most favoured by female inmates in Irish prisons.Charles J. Guthrie, "Our Punishment of Crime – An Admitted Failure", The Juridical Review: A Journal of Legal and Political Science, Vol. XIII. Edinburgh: William Green & Sons, 1901, p. 139. In 1906, she was profiled in Helen Black's Notable Women Authors of the Day. She is named as the favourite novelist of William Morel's sweetheart Lily in D. H. Lawrence's Sons and Lovers (1913).
Swan used her maiden name for most of her career, but occasionally the pseudonyms David Lyall and later Mrs Burnett Smith. She was a respected public speaker involved in social and political causes such as the Temperance movement. She wrote books and novels on the suffragist movement in Britain, often as David Lyall, such as Margaret Holroyd: or, the Pioneers (1910).Maroula Joannou and June Purvis, The Women's Suffrage Movement: New Feminist Perspectives. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998, p. 116. Elizabeth Crawford, The Women's Suffrage Movement: A Reference Guide, 1866–1928. London and New York: Routledge, 2001, p. 471. The novel used interconnecting stories that followed a young suffragette, Margaret Holroyd, and dealt with many real problems faced by suffragettes and suffragists, such as disapproval of family and friends, fear of public speaking, physical exhaustion and ethical dilemmas in a rebellious, sometimes militant atmosphere.Jane Eldridge Miller, Rebel Women: Feminism, Modernism, and the Edwardian Novel. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997, pp. 139–140.
She was involved in the Women's Suffrage movement herself, and was arrested during a window smashing raid in London, alongside a number of other Scottish women.
From 1924 Swan ran another penny weekly, The Annie Swan Annual. She also wrote several popular novels at this time including The Last of the Laidlaws (1920), Closed Doors (1926) and The Pendulum (1926). After her husband's death in 1927, Swan returned to Scotland, settling in Gullane, East Lothian. In 1930, she received a CBE for her contribution to literature. She remained in politics, becoming a founding member of the Scottish National Party and its vice president.
Personal life Swan married the schoolteacher James Burnett Smith (1857–1927) in 1883. They lived initially at Star of Markinch, Fife, where she befriended the Scottish theologian Robert Flint and his sister.Donald Macmillan, The Life of Robert Flint. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1914, p. 466–467. They moved two years later to Morningside, Edinburgh, where Burnett Smith became a medical student, and in 1893 to London, where their two children, Effie (1893–1973) and Eddie (born 1896), were born.
While in London they became friends and neighbours with the writer Beatrice Harraden and with Joseph and Emma Parker at a later date in Hampstead.Dr. Robert T. Henry, The Golden Age of Preaching: Men Who Moved the Masses Lincoln, Nebraska: iUniverse, 2005, p. 126. Philip J. Waller, Writers, Readers, and Reputations: Literary Life in Britain, 1870–1918. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006, p. 505. The family moved to Hertford in 1908, where her son Eddie died in a shooting accident in September 1910.
Swan's autobiography My Life appeared in 1934 and was reprinted six times within a year. Her final published work was an article for Homes and Gardens, "Testament of Age", in March 1943. She died of heart disease three months later at her home in Gullane, on 17 June 1943. A collection of her personal correspondence, The Letters of Annie S. Swan (1945) edited by Mildred Robertson Nicoll appeared two years later.
Public life During the First World War, Swan resigned her editorial position and volunteered for the British war effort. She went to France on a morale-boosting tour and also worked with Belgian refugees. Swan visited the United States in January 1918 and again after the armistice at the end of the year. There she met Herbert Hoover, then head of the U.S. Food Administration and lectured on the need to conserve food on the American home front and informed the American public of Britain's wartime contributions. Two successful plays, Getting Together by John Hay Beith and The Better 'Ole by Bruce Bairnsfather, were written for the occasion.William George Lyddon, British War Missions to the United States, 1914–1918. Oxford University Press, 1938, p. 186. While in the United States, she also wrote a book on the cultural differences between women in Britain and the United States entitled: As Others See Her: An Englishwoman's Impressions of the American Woman in War Time (1919).
Swan was an active Liberal throughout her life and became a well-known suffragist. Shortly after the Representation of the People Act 1918 gave women the vote in Britain, she was the first female candidate, standing unsuccessfully for the Maryhill division of Glasgow in the general election of 1922. Of 32 female candidates across Britain in that general election, only two were returned.
After her defeat, the Women's Freedom League claimed that Swan and other female candidates would have been elected under a system of proportional representation like those in Ireland, Netherlands and Germany.Cheryl Law, Suffrage and Power: The Women's Movement, 1918–1928. London and New York: I. B. Tauris, 2000, p. 153. She was also a founding member and one-time vice president of the Scottish National Party.Christopher Harvie, No Gods and Precious Few Heroes: Twentieth-century Scotland. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1998, p. 124. Jack Brand, The National Movement in Scotland. London, Henley and Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1978, p. 236.
Later life Swan's husband died in 1927 and she and her daughter moved to Gullane, East Lothian. She was made a CBE in the 1930 Birthday Honours for literary and public services. She died at her home in Gullane on 17 June 1943, aged 83.
Posthumous reputation
In the years since her death, there has been little study of her life or work by literary historians. Articles such as Edmond Gardiner's "Annie S. Swan - Forerunner of Modern Popular Fiction" (1974) and Charlotte Reid's "A Cursory of Inspection to Annie S. Swan" (1990) point to her literary contributions. Several of her novels have reappeared.
References
Further reading Margaret Beetham, A Magazine of Her Own?: Domesticity and Desire in the Woman's Magazine, 1800–1914. London: Routledge, 1996.
David Finkelstein and Alistair McCleery. The Edinburgh History of the Book in Scotland: Professionalism and Diversity, 1880–2000. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2007 Edmond F. Gardiner, "Annie S. Swan - Forerunner of Modern Popular Fiction", Library Review, 24.6 (1974) Charlotte Reid, "A Cursory Visit of Inspection to Annie S. Swan", Cencrastus No. 38, Winter 1990/91, pp. 28–31,
External links
Papers of and relating to Annie S. Swan at University of Aberdeen
Annie S. Swan at The Orlando Project