Pelmatozoa was once a clade of Phylum Echinodermata. It included stalked and sedentary echinoderms. The main class of Pelmatozoa were the Crinoidea which includes sea lily and feather star.
Pelmetazoa is no longer a classification of Echinodermata.
Pelmatozoa s.l. (sensu lato) or Crinozoa s.l., were in some systems a large taxon, sometimes considered a subphylum of echinoderms.
The majority of Pelmatozoa s.l. consisted of the extinct taxon Blastozoa.
Pelmatozoa s.s. (sensu stricto) sometimes only include Crinoidea.
Characteristics The body of these ancient Echinodermates is anchored to the bottom through a stem analogous to the epistome of Phoronidea. They're sessile, only rarely capable of movement. Fossils date back at least to Cambrium so they've been on Earth for over 500 million years.
In the past, they were a numerous group of marine fauna and many groups belong to lead fossils, however today only one smaller class remains extant.
System (Phylogeny) Pelmatozoa s.l. = Crinozoa s.l.: incertae sedis: class †Parablastoidea - single order †Parablastida - sole family †AstroblastocystidaeSałamatin, Rusłan & Kaczmarek, Adam. (2022). Astroblastocystis nom. nov. - a new replacement name for Blastocystis Jaekel, 1918 (Echinodermata, Parablastoidea). Annals of Parasitology. 68. 195-196. 10.17420/ap6801.425. (older name: Blastocystidae) [order] †Echmatocrinida - single genus †Echmatocrinus - sometimes classified as a basal pelmatozoan within or next to Crinoidea, or into holotúrií or outside the Echinoderms into the Octocoralia subphylum †Blastozoa class †Lepidocystoidea/order †Imbricata - traditionally within the Eocrinoidea class †Eocrinoidea order †Gogiida order †Trachelocrinida order †Simonkovicrinida - single genus †Simonkovicrinus order †Ascocystitida class †Paracrinoidea - traditionally within the Crinozoa (or less commonly within the Blastozoa as a sister group to Blastoidea); modernly perhaps related to Glyptosphaeritida family †Springerocystidae family †Heckeritidae order †Comarocystitida order †Platycystitida †CystoideaIn: Šaling, S. Veľký slovník cudzích slov. 2000. S. 226 (Cystoidea/Hydrophoridea) - today considered a paraphyletic taxon; rarely also Cystoidea s.l. also consists of Eocrinoidea (including Lepidocystoidea) and in the widest sense the entirety of Blastozoa family [order] †Diploporita/Diploporida order †Asteroblastida - presently belongs more likely next to Crinoidea order †Glyptosphaeritida/Protocrinitida order †Sphaeronitida s.l. †Sphaeronitida s.s. †Aristocystitida family †Cambrocrinidae s.l. - alternatively considered within the Glyptocystitida family †Cambrocrinidae s.s. - formerly within the Ascocystitida family †Ridersiidae genus †Sanducystis family [order] †Rhombifera/Dichoporita s.l. †Dichoporita s.s. order †Glyptocystitida/Glyptocystitoida - including the taxon †Pleurocystitida (which includes a former order †Hillocystida) and family †Macrocystellidae (formerly put within the Ascocystitida or as a sister taxon to Glyptocystitida) order †Hemicosmitida †Fistuliporita (or Fistuliporida) s.l. order †Polycosmitida order †Caryocystitida/Fistuliporita (or Fistuliporida) s.s. [class] †Blastoidea s.l. - evolutionarily belongs into Cystoidea class †Coronoidea/order †Coronata - this taxon formerly had an inconclusive position family †Lysocystitidae - formerly put within Eocrinoidea class †Blastoidea s.s. genus †Macurdablastus superorder †Spiraculata order †Pentremitida order †Troosticrinida order †Granatocrinida - alternatively placed as a part of the order Troosticrinida order †Nucleocrinida order †Fissiculata
subphylum Crinozoa or s.s. Pelmatozoa s.s. today consists of only one class, but traditionally consisted of also another taxon - Paracrinoidea class Crinoidea - for classification, see the article Crinoidea
Formerly even Carpoidea/Homalozoa belonged to Pelmatozoa.
Sources for this chapter: EchinodermataJennifer E. Bauer, Sarah L. Sheffield, Johnny A. Waters, and Colin D. Sumrall. Echinoderm model systems, homology, and phylogenetic inference: Comment and reply to Paul (2021). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 67 (2), 2022: 465-468 (najmä Fig. 13)Aaron W. Hunter, Javier Ortega-Hernández. A primitive starfish ancestor from the Early Ordovician of Morocco reveals the origin of crown group Echinodermata bioRxiv 216101 Brands, S.J. (ed.), 2022. Pelmatozoa. In Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon, 4 Aug 2022. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. . Access date: 14 Feb. 2023Sepkoski, J. J. A Compendium of Fossil Marine Animal Families. 2nd edition. 1992. S. 84 a nasl. Sepkoski, J. J. Jr.. A compendium of fossil marine animal genera. Bulletins of American Paleontology 2002; 363:1-560 269 a nasl.SHEFFIELD, S. L. The Homology and Phylogeny of the Diploporita (Blastozoa: Echinodermata). PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2017. (najmä S. 90 a 150)Tirjaková, E. et al. Systém eukaryotických jednobunkovcov a živočíchov. Prírodovedecká fakulta UK Bratislava. 2015 (vrátane podstránok)Mooi, Rich. (2001). Not all written in stone: Interdisciplinary syntheses in echinoderm paleontology. Canadian Journal of Zoology-revue Canadienne De Zoologie 79. 1209-1231. 10.1139/cjz-79-7-1209. Breimer, A., and Ubaghs, G., 1974, A critical comment on the classification of the pelmatozoan echinoderms I. and II: Koninklijke Nederlandes Akademie van Wetenschappen, Proceedings, Ser. B, vol 77, no. 5, str. 398-417. Souza-Lima, W. et al. Capítulo23 Eqinodermas. In: Cavalho, Ismar de Souza. Paleontologia. 2010 Regnéll, G. Non-Crinoid Pelmatozoa from the Paleozoic of Sweden. 1945 S. 14 Gekker, R. F., Orlov, J. A. Osnovy paleontologii....Tom 10. Moskva: Izdateľstvo Akademii nauk SSSR. 1964. S. 23 a nasl.Paskerova, G. G. Echinodermata (kurz) (prístup 14. 2. 2023)Echinoderm - Classification. In: Blackwelder, R. E. Classification of the Animal kingdom. 1963 S. 60-62Lefebre, B. et al. Ordovician echinoderms from the Tabas and Damghan regions, Iran: palaeobiogeographical implications. In: Bull. Soc. Géol. Fr., 2005, t. 176, n o 3, pp. 231-242. S. 236T.W. Broadhead, J.A. Waters (eds.), Echinoderms, notes for a short course. University of Tenn- essee Studies in Geology 3. 1980. S. 126 Makhlouf, Yamouna & B., Lefebvre & Nardin, Elise & Nedjari, A. & Régnault, Serge & Ferhi, Mohamed. (2014). Stratigraphic and Palaeogeographical Distribution of the Ordovician Eocrinoid Ascocystites Barrande 1887 (Echinodermata, Blastozoa). 10.1007/978-3-319-04364-7_199.
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