Liège Cathedral, otherwise St. Paul's Cathedral (), is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Liège, Belgium. Founded in the 10th century, it was rebuilt from the 13th to the 15th century and restored in the mid-19th century. It became a Catholic cathedral in the 19th century due to the destruction of Saint Lambert's Cathedral in 1795. It is the seat of the Diocese of Liège.
St. Paul's Cathedral During the French Revolution the ancient cathedral of Liège, St. Lambert's, was destroyed. After the revolution the former collegiate church of St. Paul's was elevated in rank, becoming the current Liège Cathedral.
History
The present cathedral was formerly one among the Seven collegiate churches of Liège – St. Peter's, Holy Cross, St. Paul's, St. John's, St. Denis's, St. Martin's and St. Bartholomew's – which until the Liège Revolution of 1789 together comprised the "secondary clergy" of the First Estate in the Prince-bishopric of Liège (the "primary clergy" being the canons of St. Lambert's cathedral).
Origin and buildings
Saint-Germain Chapel In 967, Bishop Eraclus built this church. The basilica was raised only up to the windows when Eraclus died.Anselme, ch. 24, p. 202 — Halphen et Lot, Rec. des actes de Lothaire et de Louis V, n° 23 p. 50-53 (965) He instituted a college of twenty canons to whom Notger, who completed the building begun by his predecessor, added ten more.
Saint-Calixte Chapel The hamlet formed on the island had rapidly expanded, so much so that a second chapel had to be built a short distance from the first one.De Blochem, circa 1450, ibidem It was dedicated to Callixtus I, Pope and martyr. The chroniclers attribute its foundation to Pirard, 36th bishop of Liège and added that he established twelve Benedictine monasteries, the only order then existing in the county of Liège.Bouille, Histoire du Pays de Liège, t.1, p. 48Albert de Lymborch : Fundatio S. Pauli
Saint Paul Collegiate It was upon his return from Cologne, where he had attended the funeral of Bruno the Great, archbishop of that city and vicar of the empire, that Eraclus conceived the project of building a church in honor of Paul the Apostle.On 18 October 965. Fisen : Eût. Ecctes. Leod. Pars t, p. 141
First allocations Very little information remains concerning the goods which Eraclus endowed the college with twenty canons which he had created.Daniel de Blochem, who published in the fifteenth century the history of the elders of his collegiate church, confines himself to referring to the chapter's archives, now largely lost since the French Revolution, "emptiness". infra It seems, however, that the bishop gave the tithes of the church of (canton of Glons): what is certain is that the collation of this church, which was erected as a parish around 1200, belonged to the chapter of St. Paul until it was suppressed by the French on 27 November 1797.
Notger solemnly consecrated this church on 7 May 972: two altars were dedicated to Germanus of Auxerre and St. Calixte, in memory of the worship previously rendered to these two saints in the chapels which had been dedicated to them. On 21 April 980, the fortress of Chèvremont was destroyed from top to bottom and the churches that were there demolished. One of them, dedicated to St. Caprasius, had a college of ten priests; the bishop gathered them together with the twenty canons of St. Paul and thus brought their number to thirty. All the property, pensions and tithes of St. Capraise were transferred to the new collegiate church, to which Notger gave the bell called "Dardar", also from Chèvremont.This bell was said to have been drilled four holes. It was destroyed in the nineteenth century.
Building
The apse, constructed in the 14th century in the Rayonnant style, is pentagonal. The choir, the transept, the main nave and the side naves date from the 13th century and have all the characteristics of Gothic architecture of that period. Later Gothic architecture occurs in the windows of the transept and of the nave, the side chapels and the tower. The upper gallery overloaded with pinnacle hooks is modern, as is the storey with the ogival windows and the spire of the belltower with four bells on each side. The lintel of the portal bears an inscription, formerly on the city seal: Sancta Legia Ecclesiae Romanae Filia ("Holy Liège, daughter of the Roman church").
First known provost and deans Godescalc The first authentic mention of a dean and provost of St. Paul can be found in a piece from the year 1083, taken from the cartulary of this Collegiate Church.Published as an annex by O.-J. Thimister, Essai historique sur l'église de Saint-Paul, Liège, 1867 It talks about damages caused in the alleu of Nandrin, property of the chapter, by Giselbert, Count of Clermont, and his accomplice Frédelon. Bishop Henri de Verdun embraced the defence of the Church's rights and in order to safeguard them in the future, the advocatus of Nandrin's alleu was entrusted to a lord named Conon. This ceremony took place in the temple itself, on St. Paul's Day.At the bottom of the act that was drawn up was Hugues, provost and archdeacon of Saint-Lambert; - Godescalc, dean of St-Paul - Dietguin, treasurer (custos); - Henri, provost of Saint-Paul and archivist; - Albert, Count of Namur; - Henri, his brother, Count of Durbuy (of Durbino) and Regnier de Cortessem.
A document from the following year attests to the existence of a cloister at that time and that the brothers of St. Paul were called canons.It was transcribed to folio xiiij, p. j, and signed by Godescalc, dean; — Henri, provost; —Albert, count of Namur; — Wazelin and Bonon, priests.
In 1086, Godescalc instituted several benefits (Eleemosynœ or Prebetidulœ). They were known for a long time as prebends of Wouteringhen or Wohange. This same year, he founded the altar of saints John the Baptist, Nicolas and Mary Magdalene. It's the oldest simple profit establishment we've ever had.The prévôt witness of this liberality was called Henri
In 1101, Dean Godescalc was elevated to the dignity of Archdeacon of Liège, and died shortly afterwards.
Waselin In 1106, the Collegiale added to its properties part of the territory of Fragnée, acquired and shared by Obert between the churches of the secondary clergy.Bouille, Histoire de Liège, t.1, p. 152 To celebrate his birthday, on 24 March 1113, Wazelin donated to Saint-Paul his house with all its outbuildings.To this contract were present Henri, provost, and the canons Walter, priest, and Gozelon, treasurer.
The latter rented the tithes of the church of Wendeshem for a rent of 5 Marcs of good money payable in Liège.Frédéric, Archbishop of Cologne; — Count Gérard de Guecka and his son, - Henri, his brother; — Arnold count of Clèves were present at this act.
New allocations Godfrey I, Count of Louvain, in 1135, ceded the tithes of the city of Weert and its uncultivated or cultivated territory to the Collegiate chapter.Among the signatories of this act of liberality were Odon; - Giselbert; - Hellebold; - Helbért; - Franco, the Duke's sample; - Heresto, chamberlain; — Gérard de Vethen (Withem) and his brother Walthère
In 1182, Dean Henry donated the parish church of Laminne to the chapter, which would keep it until it was abolished by the National Convention on 20 March 1797. He then bequeathed to the collegiate church the land of Hodimont.In Latin Mons Odulphi.
Ebalus became dean in 1185: in the same year, a letter mentions the transfer of the church of Hermalle-sous-Huy, to the Flône Abbey.Ebalus is there with Peter, provost of Saint Paul. He gave to the collegiate the church of Lavoir, dedicated to Hubertus, whose St. Paul's chapter kept the collation until 1797.The act relating to this liberality was signed by Albert, provost of the collegiate church and Archdeacon of Liège.
Pope Celestine III, by a diploma given in Rome on 14 April 1188, confirmed all its possessions to the church of Liège.This diploma is reproduced T. V. of the Bulletin de l'Institut archéologique Liégeois, p. 288 and f.
Dean Jonah gave the collegiate to the church of St. George's and the church of Verlaine dedicated to St. Remy in 1198.
Foundation of Val-Benoit and Val des Écoliers Othon Des Prez, elected dean, founded the convent of Sart in 1220, on the left bank of the river Meuse, half a lieue away from the town, and five years later it was renamed the convent of Sart, which was renamed the convent of Val-Benoît, when Cardinal-Legat Conrad, Bishop of Porto consecrated the church on the day of Pentecost.23 August 1232, Cartulary, fol. XIX, p. Ij. He then had the erected in Liège, in a place then called Gravière (now La Gravioule) and in Saint-Martin-en-Ile, he raised and endowed, with his own money, an altar in honour of Thomas Becket of Canterbury.This priory of the schoolchildren's order was converted into an abbey by Pope Gregory XV in 1616 in favour of Winand Latome, who was then prior to it.
New collegiate church The construction of the new building was probably hampered by a lack of funds and progress was slow. The tower seems to have been finished first; in 1275 the dean Guillaume de Fraynoir had two large bells given by him suspended: one, in honour of the patron saint of the church, was named Paula, and the other Concordia, the name of the mother of this apostle. Cast in July 1275,by Jean, fondeur they announced the services celebrated by the dean. The second of these bells, Concordia, was still ringing in the 19th century; it rang the D of the organs and bore an inscription in Gothic letters.
Consecration Everything leads us to believe that the reconstruction of the collegiate church was very advanced in 1289; indeed, on 11 April, both the consecration of the church and the blessing of the altars took place; solemnities celebrated by the two suffragans of Liège, Edmont, bishop of Courland in Livonia, and brother Bonaventure, of the Order of Citeaux, bishop of Céa.An Act was drafted by order of the latter prelate, in Daniel de Blochem, circa 1450, in his manuscript, fol. CCXXIJ. This document can be found at the end of Olivier-Joseph Thimister's book, 1857. Annexe VII.
Floods, fires and earthquakes Floods The coal mines surrounding Liège from the Early Middle Ages, despite the prohibition of digging under the town which was not always respected, digging downstream and upstream had the consequence of making Liège a basin and later a dyke. Despite the ramparts, floods followed one another from century to century.
On 4 January 1374, the river Meuse grew so big that the island's neighbourhood was flooded as well as the collegiate church of St. Paul to the point where it could only be entered by boat.
On 28 January 1408, a flood also damaged the books and jewellery in the crypt, part of the charters, the books, and the ornaments of the collegiate church kept in the treasury. To avoid similar disasters, the floor of the new bookshop was raised and one entered from there by a few steps.
Heavy flooding occurred in 1464. The snow had fallen in abundance for several days before the feast of St.Caprasius of Agen, the rains which followed brought such a flood that on the day after the feast of St. Élisabeth, the swollen floods of the Meuse threatened to invade the collegiate church. The canons only had time to block the door with a kind of dam and had to buy a boat to go to the matins. They used the same means to attend the hours until 23 November, when they were able to go to the services on dry foot.
On 7 February 1571 as a result of a flood, the water rose to a height of 6.40 meters. The memory of this overflow is preserved by the following chronogram engraved on the right pillar of the collegial background next to the jubé. The line indicating the height of the water is 0.84 cm from the current level of the paving stone.