The Ministry of War or , sometimes called Tsuwamono no Tsukasa（都波毛乃乃都加佐）in Wago, was a division of the eighth century Japanese government of the Imperial Court in Kyoto,Kawakami, Karl Kiyoshi. (1903). instituted in the Asuka period and formalized during the Heian period. The Ministry was replaced in the Meiji period.

Overview The highest-ranking official or was ordinarily a son or a close relative of the Emperor. This important court officer was responsible for directing all military matters; and after the beginning in the late 12th century, this military man would have been empowered to work with the shogunate on the emperor's behalf.Titsingh, Isaac. (1834).

The ambit of the Ministry's activities encompasses, for example: oversight of the rosters of military officers, including examinations, appointment, ranks, etc.Kawakami, citing Ito Hirobumi, Commentaries on the Japanese Constitution, p. 87 (1889). dispatching of troops supervision of arsenals of weapons, guards, fortifications and signal fires maintenance of pastures, military horses, and public and private horses and cattle administration of postal stations control of the manufacture of weapons and weapon-makers oversight of drumming and in flute playing control of public and private means of water transportation regulation of the training of hawks and dogs.

History The ministry was established as part of the Taika Reforms and Ritsuryō laws which were initiated in the Asuka period and formalized during the Heian period. After 702, the Hyōbu-shō replaced the Hyōseikan, which was created in 683.Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric et al. (2005). "Hyōbusho" in

In the Edo period, titles associated with the ministry became ceremonial titles.

In the Meiji period, the hyōbu-shō was reorganized into a modern Ministry of War and Ministry of the Navy.

Hierarchy The Asuka-, Nara- and Heian-period Imperial court hierarchy encompassed a ministry dealing with military affairs.

In the 18th century, the top ritsuryō officials within this ministry structure were:

, usually a son or a close relative of the Emperor.Varley, Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki, p. 272; Titsingh, p. 431. . . . , two positions. , considered a very low rank. . .

See also Daijō-kan Imperial Japanese Army (1871–1945) Imperial Japanese Navy (1871–1945) Japan Self-Defense Forces (1954–) Ministry of Defense (Japan)

Notes

References Kawakami, Karl Kiyoshi. (1903). The Political Ideas of the Modern Japan. Iowa City, Iowa: University of Iowa Press. OCLC 466275784. Internet Archive, full text Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). Japan Encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ; OCLC 48943301 Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Odai Ichiran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691 Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns. New York: Columbia University Press. ; OCLC 59145842

Further reading Friday, Karl F. (1992). Hired Swords: the Rise of Private Warrior Power in Early Japan. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ;