A cargo hook is a device suspended below a helicopter and allows the transport of external loads during flight. Common terms for this operation include slingwork, underslung loads, external loadwork, and external load operations.

Hook types

Primary hooks

Primary, or "belly", hooks are designed to mount directly to the airframe belly, i.e. underside, of a helicopter. Because they are attached to the fuselage, or "skin," of the aircraft, belly hooks are regulated by the various worldwide aviation regulatory agencies. In the United States, belly hooks are governed under Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) FAR Part 133. Belly hooks are designed, manufactured, and approved for use on specific aircraft models. Belly hooks that have been certified by the FAA receive a Supplemental Type Certificate (STC)FAA Supplemental Type Certificates (STC) that describes the aircraft models that are authorized to use the hook for external load operations. For example, a belly hook approved for use by the FAA on a Eurocopter AS350 could not be used on a Bell 407 helicopter unless covered by the STC.

For small to mid-size utility helicopters performing external load work, belly hooks are typically mounted to the fuselage using either a sling or a suspension configuration. The sling mount uses a single attachment point, whereas a suspension system uses four attachment points. Since suspension systems transfer the weight of the cargo load across a larger swath of the aircraft, they can carry heavier loads than sling mounts.

Remote hooks

Remote hooks are suspended beneath the belly hook by a long line, swivel, or other device. Because they are not attached directly to the airframe, they do not require aircraft-specific certification and can be used on a wide variety of helicopter models.

Technical details

Parts of a cargo hook Key components of a cargo hook include the load beam, the keeper, and the attach point. The load beam is the solid piece of metal at the bottom of a cargo hook that supports the load. Usually it has a curved, narrow end which is used to load a ring, rope, or net onto the hook. The keeper is the locking, spring-operated mechanism that keeps the load from sliding off the load beam during transport. The attach point attaches the hook to the belly of the helicopter, swing system, or longline.

Helicopters and load capacities The following table includes a list of helicopter models that are designed to carry underslung loads.McGowen, Stanley S. (2005). Helicopters: An Illustrated History of their Impact, pp 226-296. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, Inc. Cargo capacities provided reflect the airframe manufacturer's specifications; when put into practice the actual maximum load capacities may be less, depending on the rating of the cargo hook equipment. For example, if a helicopter model is rated by the manufacturer as having a maximum cargo sling load capacity of 4,000lb, but the cargo hook equipment is only rated for 3,000lb, then the pilot can only carry loads weighing 3,000lb or less.

Manufacturer Model Slingload Cargo Capacity(lb) Sud Aviation Alouette II - SE 3130, SA 313 2,500 Sud Aviation Alouette III - SA 316-319 1,650 Aerospatiale/Eurocopter AS 350/355 mounted directly to airframe 2,557 on swing suspension 3,086 Aerospatiale/Westland SA 330 Puma 7,055 Agusta A109 1,500 Bell 204/UH-1 4,000 Bell 205/UH-1H 4,000 Bell 206 Jet Ranger/OH-58 1,500 Bell 206 Long Ranger 2,000 Bell 212 4,000 Bell 412 4,000 Bell-Boeing V-22 Osprey 15,000 Boeing/Vertol CH-47 28,000 Bristol Bristol Belvedere 5,250 Eurocopter EC145 Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd DHRUVS ALH 3,300 Kaman Aircraft K-MAX 6,855 Kamov KA-32 MD Helicopters 369D/E, 500N 2,000 MIL MI-6 17,650 Leonardo AW139 MIL Mi-8/MI-17 HIP C-K 8,818 MIL MI-10/MI-10K Harke 36,600 MIL Mil Mi-26 44,092 MIL Mil Mi-38 15,432 MIL Mil Mi-171A2 11,023 Sikorsky S-64E/F Sky Crane 20,000 Sikorsky S-70/UH-60 Black Hawk/SH-60 Seahawk 9,000 Sikorsky S-76 8,000 Kamov Ka-226 2,425 Kamov Ka-32A11BC 11,023 Kamov Ka-62 5,511

Common usage Utility helicopter operators perform a wide variety of external load work that varies region to region and season to season. Some of the most common external load operations include:

Fire suppression with buckets; Construction workMacDonald, J., Rossnagle, W., & Higgins, L. (2009). Handbook of Rigging: For Construction and Industrial Operations (5th Edition — pp. 543-553). New York: McGraw-Hill Professional Fertilizer spreadingHomeland Security Committee Approves Bill to Regulate Fertilizer June 15, 2006, ROTORNEWS Heli-logging"Helicopter Logging (heli-logging)" FORESTRY.COM, October 22, 2008 Christmas tree harvesting"Tree Culturing & Harvesting," Pacific Northwest Christmas Tree Association Electrical line workVerdecchio, Tom, " " TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION, November 1, 2004 Helicopter Live Work Requires a Safe Platform Servicing oil rigs and stocking remote outposts with supplies Agriculture (fence building, distributing hay bales, salt blocks, etc.)"Helicopter External Load Equipment," Rotor & Wing Maintenance Marijuana ExtractionHeppler, Johnny, "Marijuana Grow Destroyed and 38-Arrested by Washington County Area Drug Task Force," July 17, 2011, KCSG Television Aerial Side-Trimming around power transmission lines and pipelines Aerial movement of military vehicles and equipment

Safety

Improperly rigged cargo loads can threaten the aircraft as well as people on the ground. External loads must be prepared and inspected by trained personnel, and all rigging equipment must be rated for the weight of the load and in servicable condition.

The task of hooking sling loads up to a helicopter also presents certain dangers. In flight, a helicopter generates and stores a charge of static electricity. When the helicopter lands, this charge passes to the ground through the helicopter grounding system. However, in flight, this charge remains stored in the helicopter until a path is provided to ground. Personnel connecting a sling load must discharge this static electricity prior to any hook up. Rotorwash can also pose a hazard, causing difficulty to nearby personnel walking or standing, as well as blowing unsecured items around. Wear of safety glasses is necessary.

3 days of the US Army Air Assault course is dedicated to training and testing servicemembers on the inspection of sling loads and procedures for hook-up operations. This testing is the most difficult portion of the 10 day course.

See also Military transport aircraft List of civil aviation authorities Aerial crane

References

External links