Rhizocarpon is a genus of crustose, saxicolous (or sometimes lichenicolous), lichens in the family Rhizocarpaceae. The genus is common in arctic-alpine environments, but also occurs throughout temperate, subtropical, and even tropical regions. They are commonly known as map lichens because of the prothallus forming border-like bands between colonies in some species, like the common map lichen (Rhizocarpon geographicum).
Taxonomy and phylogeny Together with three small genera (Catolechia, Poeltinula and Epilichen), Rhizocarpon constitutes the family Rhizocarpaceae. Historically, ca 389 names have been used. However, many species concepts are ill-defined, many names have been synonymized and new species are regularly being described, so true number of species is not entirely clear as of now, but is estimated to be around 200.
Rhizocarpon dinothetes new to Scandinavia, R. Haugan, "Graphis Scripta" Volym 3 (1) 1990 In molecular work, the genus has also been shown to be paraphyletic, with closely related genera being nested within Rhizocarpon.
Common traits With so many species in a morphologically diverse genus it is difficult to say something general about morphology and anatomy and there will inevitably be some exceptions. However, they do share some key traits. They are all crustose and mostly saxicolous (rock-living), with some being lichenicolous (lichen parasites) on other saxicolous lichens. They are all lecideoid, meaning they have apothecia without a thallus margin containing algae.
Ascus and ascospores The genus has a distinct type of ascus, the Rhizocarpon-type, which is bitunicate with the inner ascus-wall being slightly apically thickened. Ascospores are considered important characters for determining species within the genus. They are either 2-celled (1-septate) or multi-celled (muriform) and are either hyaline or pigmented (green or brown), often with a characteristic halo () visible when viewed in a microscope. Asci contain eight, two or rarely one spore.
Species , Species Fungorum (in the Catalogue of Life) accepts 75 species of Rhizopogon.
Rhizocarpon advenulum Rhizocarpon alpicola Rhizocarpon amphibium Rhizocarpon anaperum Rhizocarpon austroalpinum – Australia Rhizocarpon austroamphibium – Australia Rhizocarpon badioatrum Rhizocarpon bicolor – Australia Rhizocarpon caeruleoalbum Rhizocarpon caesium – Europe Rhizocarpon chioneum Rhizocarpon cinereonigrum Rhizocarpon cinereovirens Rhizocarpon clausum Rhizocarpon cleptophilum – Greenland Rhizocarpon copelandii Rhizocarpon dahlii Rhizocarpon dimelaenae Rhizocarpon diploschistinum Rhizocarpon disporum Rhizocarpon distinctum Rhizocarpon eupetraeoides Rhizocarpon exiguum – Australia Rhizocarpon expallescens Rhizocarpon ferax Rhizocarpon flavomedullosum – Australia Rhizocarpon furfurosum Rhizocarpon geminatum Rhizocarpon geographicum Rhizocarpon grande Rhizocarpon haidense Rhizocarpon hochstetteri Rhizocarpon inarense Rhizocarpon infernulum Rhizocarpon intermediellum Rhizocarpon jemtlandicum Rhizocarpon johnstonii Rhizocarpon kerguelense Rhizocarpon lavatum Rhizocarpon lecanorinum Rhizocarpon lusitanicum Rhizocarpon macrosporum Rhizocarpon malvinae – Falkland Islands Rhizocarpon mawsonii Rhizocarpon ochrolechiae Rhizocarpon oederi Rhizocarpon oxydatum – New Zealand Rhizocarpon ozsoyae – Antarctica Rhizocarpon pallidum Rhizocarpon petraeum Rhizocarpon polycarpum Rhizocarpon postumum Rhizocarpon purpurascens – New Zealand Rhizocarpon pusillum Rhizocarpon quinonum – Alaska Rhizocarpon reductum Rhizocarpon richardii Rhizocarpon ridescens Rhizocarpon roridulum Rhizocarpon saurinum Rhizocarpon simillimum Rhizocarpon sipmanianum Rhizocarpon smaragdulum – Siberia Rhizocarpon subareolatum – Greenland Rhizocarpon subgeminatum Rhizocarpon sublavatum – Europe Rhizocarpon submodestum Rhizocarpon subpostumum Rhizocarpon sulphurosum Rhizocarpon sunchonense – South Korea Rhizocarpon superficiale Rhizocarpon tephromelae Rhizocarpon timdalii – Europe; North America Rhizocarpon tinei Rhizocarpon torquatum / Rhizocarpon transiens Rhizocarpon tungurahuae Rhizocarpon umbilicatum Rhizocarpon umense Rhizocarpon vigilans – Australia Rhizocarpon viridiatrum Rhizocarpon vulcani – Japan
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