Paul Ghalioungui or Ghalioungi (1908–1987) (), MD (Cairo), MRCP (Lond), Professor of Medicine and former Chairman of Internal Medicine department, Ain Shams University Faculty of Medicine. An Egyptian endocrinologist, historian of Egyptian medicine, Egyptologist and an authority on Pharaonic medicine, he wrote a vivid history of Egyptian medicine in English, French, Arabic, German, and Spanish.
Life Ghalioungui was born in Mansoura, Egypt to an Eastern Orthodox Christian family of Greek descent. His great-grandfather was a man named Kyriacos Kaliontzis, whose children later changed the family surname to the more Arabic-sounding “Ghalioungui”. An Egyptian by birth, education, and practice, he writes of present and past Egyptian medicine (in Arabic, English and French) as only a clinician could write whose hobby was Egyptian archaeology and medical history. "It has long been my conviction that the medical history of a nation should be written by a native. A practising physician, Dr. Ghalioungui proves this contention."
He also had two sons in the early 1940s. He spent some time in Kuwait during the 1970s.
Mohammad Kamel Hussein (MKH), a prominent orthopedic surgeon in Egypt, encouraged both Paul Ghalioungui, then head of internal medicine, and Ahmed Ammar, a gynecologist at Ain Shams Medical College, to pursue the study of ancient Egyptian medicine. Hussein had a particular interest in the history of medicine, especially that of ancient Egypt.
Paul Ghalioungi was president of the XXIXth International Congress of the History of Medicine, Egypt-Cairo December 26, 1984 – January 1, 1985. The main theme was Egyptian medicine up to the 3rd century of the Christian era, Islamic medicine, and east–west relations.International Congress of the History of MedicineEar, Nose and Throat in Ancient Egypt
Ghalioungui was familiar with both ancient Egyptian and modern medicine. He was a founder or member of several medical societies in Egypt, as well as Swiss and American endocrinology societies, the Royal Society of Medicine, and the International Society of the History of Medicine. During his career, he spent periods of study and professional activity in Austria, England, France, Kuwait, Switzerland, and the United States. He frequently cited the phrase, “Life is short. Art is long. Experience is fallible. Opportunity is fleeting. Judgment is difficult,” in his lectures and writings.Paul life
He had many connections and correspondence with international scientists. Some of his letters to them are preserved abroad. o Letter from Paul Ghalioungui to C.L. Gemmill
Perhaps his interest in the history of medicine started from publishing his paper "Sur deux formes d'obésité représentées dans l'Égypte ancienne" on obesity and its types in Ancient Egypt, which represented a connection between his work as an endocrinologist and the history of medicine.
Education MB BCh from Cairo University Faculty of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt MSc from Ain Shams University Faculty of Medicine M.D. in Internal Medicine (Endocrinology) from Ain Shams University Faculty of Medicine MRCP
Scientific and clinical career Registrar to the Medical Unit, Kasr el Aini Hospital, Cairo, Egypthttp://www.journals.elsevierhealth.com/periodicals/trstmh/article/PIIS0035920334900560/abstract Chairman of the Departments of Internal Medicine, Ain Shams Faculty of Medicine Member of the International Society for the History of Medicine.2001, Franz-Andre Sondervorst, Chronique de SIHM
Scientific contributions Famous writer on the History of Medicine in the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s. "Paul Ghalioungui suggested in 1963 that the Egyptians "were the first in History to dare look at the other side of the abyss that separates magic from Medicine" The art of healing in ancient Egypt: a scientific reappraisal. The Lancet, Volume 372, Issue 9652, Pages 1802-1803 by R. David Publication of Ibn al-Nafis role in discovery of blood circulation and the "Theory of Blood Capillaries". Dr. Paul Ghalioungui summarizes the fundamental changes Ibn al-Nafis made to the incorrect Galenic-Avicennian theory Dr. Paul Ghalioungui (1982), "The West denies Ibn Al Nafis's contribution to the discovery of the circulation", Symposium on Ibn al-Nafis, Second International Conference on Islamic Medicine: Islamic Medical Organization, Kuwait (cf. The West denies Ibn Al Nafis's contribution to the discovery of the circulation , Encyclopedia of Islamic World)
"Denying the existence of any pores through the interventricular septum." "The flow of blood from the right ventricle to the lungs where its lighter parts filter into the pulmonary vein to mix with air." "The notion that blood, or spirit from the mixture of blood and air, passes from the lung to the left ventricle, and not in the opposite direction." "The assertion that there are only two ventricles, not three as stated by Avicenna." "The statement that the ventricle takes its nourishment from blood flowing in the vessels that run in its substance (i.e. the coronary vessels) and not, as Avicenna maintained, from blood deposited in the right ventricle." "A premonition of the capillary circulation in his assertion that the pulmonary vein receives what comes out of the pulmonary artery, this being the reason for the existence of perceptible passages between the two."
About capillaries theory he wrote: Ibn al-Nafis had an insight into what would become a larger theory of the capillary circulation in his assertion that the pulmonary vein receives what comes out of the pulmonary artery, this being the reason for the existence of perceptible passages between the two."
A member of the Vanderbilt Nutrition Research Group at NAMRU-3 studied many aspects of nutrition including nutrition in ancient Egypt. This activity involved three key collaborators, William J. Darby, affectionately known as Bill or WJD, Louis Grivetti, MS, an aspiring nutritional anthropologist, ... and the endocrinologist Paul Ghalioungui, MD, an authority on Pharonic medicine. Their collaboration resulted in the definitive monograph, (W.J. Darby, P. Ghalioungui and L. Grivetti. Food: The Gift of Osiris. Vol. I and II. Academic Press, Inc. (London) Limited, pp. 900, 1977). The "15 years during which these volumes were being assembled permanently fixed (Bill's) long existing interest in history of food, food science, and nutrition that had been initiated by teachings of Paul Day, PhD and Howard B. Lewis, PhD. During these years (Bill) became an avid bibliophile" He used to write philosophical quotations in his undergraduate book. A few lines in a textbook by the professor of endocrinology, Paul Ghalioungui, have been etched in Yehia El-Rakhawi the psychiatrist, writer, critic and poet. mind ever since he read them in his fourth year at the university. They have served as a guide to his work: "Life is short. Art is long. Experience is fallible. Opportunity is fleeting. Judgement is difficult" Yehia El-Rakhawi interview at Al-Ahram weekly Journal Publishing the English edition of the Ebers Papyrus, which is a scroll 20.23 meters in length and contains 108 columns of text. It is dated to the reign of Amenophis I (1536 B.C.). This papyrus was published and translated by different researchers (the most valuable is the German edition Grundriss der Medizin der alten Ägypter, and based on the Ghalioungui edition) In 1963 Ghalioungui found that, whilst urine from non-pregnant women prevented the growth of (modern) barley and wheat, it proved impossible to detect the sex of an unborn child from the rate of growth of either grain. Nevertheless, the fact that the Egyptians recognised that urine carried the pregnancy factor was remarkable. The standardisation of reliable urine tests for pregnancy did not occur until 1929.Egyptian Medicine by Carloe Reeves 1992 Identified the aaa disease in the Ebers Papyrus as schistosomiasis
Publications
Publishing editor 1985 F. A. Sondervorst, J.-C. Sournia, P. Ghalioungui "XXIXth International Congress of the History of Medicine, Cairo December 26th 1984-January 1, 1985: Proceedings", Language: English, French, The International Society of the History of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt, 1985, 2 vol., XIX-639 p.IDEO
Editor "ABD AL-LATIF (AL-BAGHDADI) Maqalatann fi-l-Hawass wa Masa'il Tabi'iya" Kuwait, Government Press, 1972 in-8, 205 pp.; texte arabe édité par Ghalioungui Paul et Abdou SaidIDEO
Translator Questions on Medicine for Scholars / By Ḥunayn Ibn Isḥāq; translated into English with a Preface and historical Note bt Paul Ghalioungui 1 vol., XLIX-162 p.; 25 cm. Al-Ahram Center for scientific translations, Cairo, Egypt, 1980 Medical Manuscripts of Averroes at el-Escorial / G.C. Anawati, P. Ghalioungui; translated with an Introduction and Commentaries by G.C.Anawati and P. Ghalioungui; critical Text established by G.C. Anawati and S. Zayed, Language of text: English, Language of original work: Arabic, Le Caire: Al-Ahram Center for scientific translations, Egypt, 1986. 1 vol., 499 p.; 25 cm.
Revision Ibn Nafis book "Sharh Tashreh Al-Qanon of Ibn Sinna" = Explanation of Anatomy section of Avicenna's Canonكتاب شرح تشريح القانون / لعلاء الدين أبي الحسن علاء الدين بن أبي الحزم القرشي الدمشقي بن النفيس (687هـ) ؛ تحقيق سلمان قطاية ؛ مراجعة بول غليونجي ؛ [تصدير إبراهيم مدكور] Author : Ibn Nafis, Editor : Salman Qattayia, Revision Paul Ghalioungi, General book organisation, Cairo, Egypt, 1988 1 vol., 455 p.; 29 cm (978-977-1220-26-8)
Author
Books
1980s 1987 Paul Ghalioungui "The Ebers papyrus. A New English Translation, Commentaries and Glossary". 298 pages, Publisher: Academy of Scientific Research and Technology, Cairo (1987), Language: English, ASIN: B0006ERXEG 1985 Paul Ghalioungui "Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi, tabib Al-Qarn Al-Sadis Al-Hijri: Shakhsiyatuhu, Injazatuh" عبد اللطيف البغدادي : طبيب القرن السادس الهجري : شخصيته، إنجازاته Authors: Paul Ghalioungui, Muwaffaq al-Din Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi Language: Arabic Format: Book, 230 pages, Publication Date: January 1985, Alam Al-Arab series, General Book Organisation, Cairo 1985 , Language: ArabicIDEO 1983 Paul Ghalioungui "La Medecine Des Pharaons: Magie Et Science Medicale Dans L'Egypte Ancienne" Book - January 1983 238 pages, Publisher:Les Enigmes de l'univers. Paris: Robert Laffont (1983), Language: French, , 1983 Ghalioungui, Paul. The Physicians of Pharaonic Egypt. Sonderschrift 10. Cairo: Al- Ahram Center for Scientific Translations; Springfield, VA: U.S. Dept. of Commerce. National Technical Information Service, 1983. 1983 Paul Ghalioungui "The physicians of Pharonic Egypt", 115 pages, Publisher: Al-Ahram Center for Scientific Translations, Cairo (1983), Language: English, ASIN: B0006YCXJG 1983 Ghalioungui, P. "The physicians of Pharaonic Egypt (Sonderschrift / Deutsches Archaeologisches Institut. Abteilung Kairo)"Mainz: Verlag Philipp von Zabern, West Germany 1983. Hardcover: 115 pages, Publisher: Available from the U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Technical Information Service (1983), Language: English, , 1983, 1984 Paul Ghalioungui "The Physicians of Pharaonic Egypt" by National Library of Medicine (U.S.), Book - January 1983 The Physicians Of Phanasonic Egypt book review by Raja Reddy, B.I.I.H.M.Vol.XIV(1-4) Language: English 1980 Paul Ghalioungui "Questions on medicine for scholars by Ḥunayn ibn Isḥāq", translated by Paul Ghalioungui, from a critical edition by Galal M. Moussa, Ph.D., of the Ninth Century Arabic Text, "Al Masā'il fī al-ṭibb lil muta'allimin (An English translation of the Ḥunayn 's original treatise has been published in Cairo: Al-Ahram Center for Scientific Translations, Cairo 1980) 1980 Ghalioungui "Questions on medecine", Le Caire, 1980, in La médecine arabe et l'occident médiéval, Maisonneuve & Larose, 1990, p. 47-48.
1970s 1979 Ghalioungui, P "Kul-- La Takul" Book on correction of Arabic Language pronunciation mistakes - January 1979 Publisher: Dar al-Maarif, Cairo (1979), Language: Arabic, ,