The sieges of Haddington were a series of sieges staged at the Royal Burgh of Haddington, East Lothian, Scotland, as part of the War of the Rough Wooing, one of the last Anglo-Scottish Wars. Following Regent Arran's defeat at the battle of Pinkie Cleugh on Saturday 10 September 1547, he captured the town of Haddington. The intention was to form a network of mutually supporting English forts in lowland Scotland. The English forces built artillery fortifications and were able to withstand an assault by the besieging French and Scots troops supported by heavy cannon in July 1548. Although the siege was scaled down after this unsuccessful attempt, the English garrison abandoned the town on 19 September 1549, after attrition by Scottish raids at night, sickness, and changing political circumstance.Marcus Merriman, 'Rough Wooing', An Historical Atlas of Scotland (Scottish Medievalists, 1975), p. 84.
The English dig in The English commander, Grey of Wilton, captured and garrisoned Haddington and outlying villages by 23 February 1548. The garrison included 200 Albanian Stratioti who had previously fought in the French army.Jean de Beaugué, History of the Campaigns in 1548 and 1549 (1707), p. 38. At the end of February 1548, Regent Arran brought four cannon to besiege and take the East Lothian houses of Ormiston, Brunstane, and Saltoun which John Cockburn of Ormiston and Alexander Crichton of Brunstane held for England, and summoned the men of Stirling, Menteith, and Strathearn to the field.Accounts of the Treasurer of Scotland, vol. 9 (Edinburgh, 1911), pp. 150–151, 153.
Grey and Thomas Palmer began to fortify the town in earnest after 24 April 1548. Wilton described how he viewed the town with Palmer, envisaging a fortification that would enclose all the "fair houses" of the town. He had cleared the ground and was entrenched against the enemy. Regent Arran brought 5,000 men to Musselburgh at the end of the month.Joseph Bain, Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1898), pp. 111–2 no. 228-30. An inventory of food stored in Haddington at this time includes "oxen alive", bacon, cereal and peas, claret wine, sack, and Malmsey.Edmund Lodge, Illustrations of British History, vol. 1 (London, 1791), pp. 124-5.
The English strategy was for the siege of Haddington to consume Scottish and French resources.Marcus Merriman, Rough Wooings (Tuckwell, 2000), pp. 313–314. The soldiers built the fortifications alongside labourers from England who were called 'pioneers.' Timber was brought from the woods of Broun of Colstoun. Although the site had obvious drawbacks, overlooked by the ridge of the nearby Garleton Hills and four miles from the sea, the finished ramparts were much admired.
Local landowners unwilling to collaborate had to relocate. George Seton, 6th Lord Seton and his French wife Marie Pieris moved from their home at Seton Palace to Culross Abbey.Richard Maitland, History of the House of Seytoun (Glasgow, 1829), p. 42.
The French ambassador in London, Odet de Selve, heard from a French mercenary serving on the English side that it was almost as impregnable as Turin.Marcus Merriman, History of the King's Works, vol. 4 part 2 (London, 1982), 718–719. Somerset even showed Odet de Selve the plan, a large rectangle by the river Tyne, and said it was larger than the fortified area of Calais, and would hold 4,000 troops. Selve sent a spy to Scotland for details, who reported the walls were as yet only the earth excavated from the ditches, but stone from demolished houses would be used.Marcus Merriman, Rough Wooings (Tuckwell, 2000), p. 316: Germain Lefèvre-Pontalis, Correspondance politique de Odet de Selve (Paris, 1888), pp. 366, 376.
The design include four corner bastions, called Bowes, Wyndham, Taylor, and Tiberio, after the commanders.Marcus Merriman, "The Fortresses in Scotland", Howard Colvin, History of the King's Works, 4:2 (London: HMSO, 1982), p. 720. Francisco Tiberio was the leader of a company of Italian mercenaries. The French ambassador was told that the tollbooth, a tall and solid stone structure, had been filled with earth to form a gun platform called a cavalier.Marcus Merriman (1982), 719–721: Correspondance politique de Odet de Selve, 52, 366, 376: Howard Colvin, History of the King's Works, 4:2 (London: HMSO, 1982), p. 721. English pioneers digging the town ditch found curious ancient coins on 7 June which Grey of Wilton sent to Somerset for their strangeness.Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1898), pp. 117, 118.
Pedro de Negro and a Spanish force attempt to join the garrison at Haddington Grey of Wilton hoped to trick the French by letting a false message about reinforcements fall into their hands. He thought this would make them reluctant to attack and win him time.Joseph Bain, Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1898), p. 127 no. 259. He sent 100 Spanish soldiers with their commander Pedro de Negro to join the garrison at the end of June 1548, but they encountered the enemy and rode to safety at Berwick.Joseph Bain, Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1898), pp. 131–3 nos. 265-269.Gerald Urwin, Feat of arms, or, The Siege of Haddington (Dunbar, 2006), p. 50.
Sieges
Haddington's garrison of occupation was commanded by Sir James Wilford. The Master of the Scottish Artillery, Lord Methven, organised guns to be brought from the siege of Broughty Castle in June. These guns were shipped to Aberlady, the nearest haven on the Forth. The great Scottish gun 'thrawinmouth' from Dunbar Castle was also deployedAccounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland, vol. 9 (Edinburgh, 1911), 216. and the cannons from Broughty were placed on 3 July 1548.Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1898), 136. On 5 July Methven gave Mary of Guise an optimistic report of the damage caused to the English defences by his guns. His fire had demolished the Tollbooth within the town, and he had advanced trenches towards the ramparts.Cameron, Annie, Scottish Correspondence of Mary of Lorraine (Edinburgh, 1927), pp. 248–250.
English chronicles report the efforts of the English commander, James Wilsford, who every night repaired the damage caused by the artillery in the day, despite the large number of casualties.Grafton's Chronicle: A Chronicle at Large, 1569, vol. 2 (London, 1809), p. 505. When Wilsford made a trip to London, Thomas Gower served in his place.Joseph Bain, Hamilton Papers, vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1890), pp. 747-8.
July 1548
The first Scottish effort to raise an army to expel the English from Haddington had limited success. On 20 July 1548, a justiciary court held at St Mary's Abbey ordered Archibald Hamilton of Raploch and the bailies of Lesmahagow to punish tenants in that barony for not joining the force besieging the town.Exchequer Rolls, vol. 18 (Edinburgh, 1898), pp. lxv, 438.
French and Scottish troops began to seriously besiege the town in July 1548. Jean de Beaugué described Highland soldiers, followers of the Earl of Argyll, who wore dyed shirts "and a certain light covering made of wool of various colours", considered an early reference to tartan plaids.David Caldwell, Vicky Oleksy, Bess Rhodes, The Battle of Pinkie, 1547 (Oxbow, 2023), pp. 85–86. On 5 July 1548 Mary of Guise held a council at nearby Elvingston or "Herdmandston", and the next day went to Clerkington, where the French and Italians were making a fortified camp and had demolished a bridge over the River Tyne. The French troops prepared ladders for an assault on the town. The English army outside the town made plans to get supplies to the defenders.Joseph Bain, Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1898), p. 139 nos. 281–3.
An English soldier Thomas Holcroft reported that on 8 July, Pedro de Gamboa's mounted arquebusiers, commanded by another Spanish captain, Pedro de Negro, and other soldiers rode through French lines from Linton bridge to relieve the siege.Joseph Bain, Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1898), p. 140 no. 284. Negro's exploit was described in a Spanish chronicle now known as the Chronicle of Henry VIII. The chronicle relates that the Spanish and English cavalrymen rode into Haddington carrying bags of gunpowder. Rather than return to Linton through enemy lines, they slaughtered their own horses outside the town gates, and after the French and Scottish had withdrawn, Pedro de Negro buried them in three pits.Martin Sharp Hume, Chronicle of King Henry VIII (George Bell: London, 1889), pp. 203–206. Odet de Selve wrote that Somerset told him about the exploit of 400 arquebusiers who carried powder into the town to relieve the shortage.Germain Lefèvre-Pontalis, Correspondance politique de Odet de Selve (Paris, 1888), p. 408.
Mary of Guise came to view the siege on 9 July and swooned in a faint when a cannon shot landed near her and injured some of her companions. On the other side of the country, Mary, Queen of Scots embarked with Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon at Dumbarton Castle for France.Joseph Bain, Hamilton Papers, vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1892), pp. 603, 616–7: Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1898), pp. 135, 137, 139.
Thomas Palmer and Holcroft discovered that German gunners working with the Scots were building a platform for artillery in the church tower.Joseph Bain, Hamilton Papers, vol. 2 (London, 1892), p. 603 no. 445 At this time the English inside Haddington were countermining against the French and Scottish siegeworks. A Scots force joined the French troops on 16 July to storm the town but were driven away by cannon fire.Calendar of State Papers Spain, vol. 9 (London, 1912), 569–570. Following this set-back, the French officer André de Montalembert, Sieur d'Essé ordered the heavy guns to be withdrawn on 17 July. With rumours of English reinforcement, Methven took the Scottish and French guns to Edinburgh and Leith, while d'Essé kept the camp. D'Essé made his feelings known to Arran; that an earlier decisive assault before the English had time to entrench would have been the best action.Annie I. Cameron, Scottish Correspondence of Mary of Lorraine (Edinburgh, 1927), 245, 249–251. The English military engineer, Thomas Pettit, Surveyor of Calais, was captured and taken to Edinburgh to be held for ransom by d'Essé.Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1898), pp. 150, 153–4.
Tuesday's Chase An English cavalry defeat at Haddington on 17 July 1548 became known in Scotland as "Tuesday's Chase".John Graham Dalyell, Annals of Scotland: From the Yeir 1514 to the Yeir 1591, by George Marioreybanks (Edinburgh, 1814), p. 12.Marcus Merriman, The Rough Wooings (Tuckwell, 2000), p. 310. It was claimed that 800 English soldiers were killed and 2,000 taken prisoner.Gerald Urwin, Feat of arms, or, The Siege of Haddington (Dunbar, 2006), pp. 37, 58–60. English prisoners taken at Tuesday's Chase included Nicholas Gaynesford, who had served as a lieutenant of Lord Grey's own men at arms at Pinkie. Gaynesford was captured by Andrew Ker of Littledean (died 1573). Gaynesford was released in August 1549 on payment of a ransom of £800 Scots or 400 old rose nobles.Robert Kerr Hannay, Acts of the lords of council in public affairs, 1501–1554 (Edinburgh: HMSO, 1932), p. 592.
August 1548