Lemuroidea is a superfamily of primates. Members of this superfamily are called lemuroids, or lemurs. Lemuroidea is one of two superfamilies that form the suborder Strepsirrhini, itself one of two suborders in the order Primates. They are found exclusively on the island of Madagascar, primarily in forests but with some species also in savannas, shrublands, or wetlands. They range in size from the Margot Marsh's mouse lemur, at plus a tail, to the indri, at plus a tail. Lemuroids primarily eat fruit, leaves, and insects. Most lemuroids do not have population estimates, but the ones that do range from 40 mature individuals to 5,000. Most lemuroid species are at risk of extinction, with 45 species categorized as endangered, and a further 32 species categorized as critically endangered.
The 107 extant species of Lemuroidea are divided into five families. Cheirogaleidae contains 41 dwarf, mouse, and fork-marked lemur species in five genera. Daubentoniidae contains a single species, the aye-aye. Indriidae contains nineteen woolly lemur and sifaka species in three genera. Lemuridae contains 21 ruffed, ring-tailed, bamboo, and other lemur species in five genera. Lepilemuridae contains 25 sportive lemur species in a single genus.
Dozens of extinct prehistoric lemuroid species have been discovered, though due to ongoing research and discoveries the exact number and categorization is not fixed. At least 17 species and eight genera are believed to have become extinct in the 2,000 years since humans first arrived in Madagascar.Mittermeier, pp. 50–51 All known extinct species were large, ranging in weight from . The largest known subfossil lemur was Archaeoindris fontoynonti, a giant sloth lemur, which weighed more than a modern female gorilla. The extinction of the largest lemurs is often attributed to predation by humans and possibly habitat destruction. Since all extinct lemurs were not only large (and thus ideal prey species), but also slow-moving (and thus more vulnerable to human predation), their presumably slow-reproducing and low-density populations were least likely to survive the introduction of humans. Gradual changes in climate have also been blamed, and may have played a minor role; however since the largest lemurs also survived the climatic changes from previous ice ages and only disappeared following the arrival of humans, it is unlikely that climatic change was largely responsible.
Conventions
The author citation for the species or genus is given after the scientific name; parentheses around the author citation indicate that this was not the original taxonomic placement. Conservation status codes listed follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the lemuroid's range is provided. Ranges are based on the IUCN Red List for that species unless otherwise noted.
Classification
The superfamily Lemuroidea consists of five extant families: Cheirogaleidae, Daubentoniidae, Indriidae, Lemuridae, and Lepilemuridae. Cheirogaleidae contains 41 species in five genera. Daubentoniidae contains a single species. Indriidae contains nineteen species in three genera. Lemuridae contains 21 species in five genera. Lepilemuridae contains 25 lemur species in a single genus. There are additionally three families which went extinct prior to modern record-keeping: Archaeolemuridae, Megaladapidae, and Palaeopropithecidae, as well as an extinct genus in Lemuridae.
Family Archaeolemuridae (monkey lemurs) Genus Archaeolemur: two extinct species Genus Hadropithecus: one extinct species
Family Cheirogaleidae Genus Allocebus (hairy-eared dwarf lemur): one species Genus Cheirogaleus (dwarf lemurs): ten species Genus Microcebus (mouse lemurs): twenty-four species Genus Mirza (giant mouse lemurs): two species Genus Phaner (fork-marked lemurs): four species
Family Daubentoniidae Genus Daubentonia (aye-aye): one species
Family Indriidae Genus Avahi (woolly lemurs): nine species Genus Indri (indri): one species Genus Propithecus (sifakas): nine species
Family Lemuridae Genus Eulemur (true lemurs): twelve species Genus Hapalemur (bamboo lemurs): five species Genus Lemur (ring-tailed lemur): one species Genus Pachylemur: two extinct species Genus Prolemur (greater bamboo lemur): one species Genus Varecia (ruffed lemurs): two species
Family Lepilemuridae Genus Lepilemur (sportive lemurs): twenty-five species
Family Megaladapidae (koala lemurs) Genus: Megaladapis
Family Palaeopropithecidae (sloth lemurs) Genus: Archaeoindris: one extinct species Genus: Babakotia: one extinct species Genus: Mesopropithecus: three extinct species Genus: Palaeopropithecus: three extinct species
Lemuroids The following classification is based on the taxonomy described by the reference work Mammal Species of the World (2005), with augmentation by generally accepted proposals made since using molecular phylogenetic analysis, as supported by both the IUCN and the American Society of Mammalogists.
Family Cheirogaleidae
Family Daubentoniidae
Family Indriidae
Family Lemuridae
Family Lepilemuridae
Extinct species
All known extinct lemurs from Madagascar are known from recent, subfossil remains.Mittermeier, p. 23 Conditions for fossilization were not ideal on the island, so little is known about ancestral lemur populations. All known extinct lemurs are thought to have died out after the arrival of humans.
+ Scientific name Common name Family Estimated size Extinction date ReferencesArchaeoindris fontoynontiSloth lemursPalaeopropithecidae350 BCEArchaeolemur edwardsiMonkey lemurs (or baboon lemurs)Archaeolemuridae1047–1280 CEMittermeier, p. 43Nowak, pp. 91–92Archaeolemur majoriMonkey lemurs (or baboon lemurs)Archaeolemuridae1047–1280 CEBabakotia radofilaiSloth lemursPalaeopropithecidae3050 BCEDaubentonia robustaGiant aye-ayeDaubentoniidae891–1027 CEMittermeier, p. 50Nowak, p. 92Hadropithecus stenognathusMonkey lemurs (or baboon lemurs)Archaeolemuridae444–772 CEMegaladapis edwardsiKoala lemursMegaladapidae1280–1420 CEMittermeier, pp. 46–49Nowak, p. 83Megaladapis grandidieriKoala lemursMegaladapidae1280–1420 CEMegaladapis madagascariensisKoala lemursMegaladapidae1280–1420 CEMesopropithecus dolichobrachionSloth lemursPalaeopropithecidae245–429 CEMesopropithecus globicepsSloth lemursPalaeopropithecidae245–429 CEMesopropithecus pithecoidesSloth lemursPalaeopropithecidae245–429 CEPachylemur insignisPachylemurLemuridae680–960 BCEGodfrey; Jungers; Burney, pp. 354, 361Pachylemur jullyiPachylemurLemuridaeHolocenePalaeopropithecus ingensSloth lemursPalaeopropithecidae1300–1620 CEMittermeier, pp. 44–46Nowak, pp. 89–91Palaeopropithecus kelyusSloth lemursPalaeopropithecidaeLate QuaternaryPalaeopropithecus maximusSloth lemursPalaeopropithecidae1300–1620 CE
See also List of mammals of Madagascar List of primates
References Wilson, Reeder, pp. 114–120
Garbutt, pp. 102–103
Garbutt, p. 105
Garbutt, p. 104
Garbutt, p. 98
Garbutt, p. 99
Garbutt, p. 95
Garbutt, p. 94
Garbutt, p. 97
Garbutt, p. 90
Garbutt, p. 91
Garbutt, p. 96
Garbutt, p. 92
Garbutt, pp. 108–109
Garbutt, p. 110
Garbutt, p. 111
Garbutt, p. 180
Garbutt, p. 164
Garbutt, p. 168
Garbutt, p. 156
Garbutt, p. 140
Garbutt, p. 139
Burnie; Wilson, p. 138
Garbutt, p. 130
Garbutt, p. 131
Burnie; Wilson, p. 139
Garbutt, p. 120
Garbutt, p. 128
Garbutt, p. 134
Garbutt, p. 118
Garbutt, p. 122
Garbutt, p. 126
Sources