Wesleyan University is a private liberal arts college and "little university" located in Middletown, Connecticut. The now secular and co-ed institution was founded in 1831 as an all-male Methodist college.
Historian David B. Potts divides the history of Wesleyan into four periods. According to Potts, from its founding until 1870, Wesleyan was a "local evangelical enterprise", an amalgam of local financing and Methodist sponsorship. From 1870 to 1910, it was a "decidedly Methodist" institution. It evolved away from its specifically Methodist character and from 1910 to 1962 was one of many prestigious New England liberal arts colleges. (Ties to Methodism were formally broken in 1937.) Since 1962, capitalizing on the success of its endowment in the prior decade, it began a transformation into a "little university"..
Founding
Wesleyan was founded by Methodist leaders and prominent residents of Middletown, and was the first academic institution to be named after John Wesley, the Protestant theologian who was the founder of Methodism. Although sponsored by the Methodist conference, under the leadership of the first president Wilbur Fisk (also written as Willbur Fisk) the college did not have a denominational requirement for admission and in addition to seminarian studies it had an innovative curriculum including electives and modern languages. Fisk also traveled to Europe during his presidency to purchase books and scientific equipment, including one of the first telescopes at a college or university, which is currently conserved at Wesleyan's Van Vleck Observatory. Wesleyan remained a leader in educational progress throughout its history, and erected the first building dedicated to the sciences on any American college campus, Judd Hall. It also has always maintained a much larger library collection than a comparable institution its size.
The campus predates the college. Several prominent citizens of Middletown sought to have a college on High Street, and by subscription raised the funds to build two buildings, today's South College, and the original North College, a Nassau Hall-type building. The first occupant of the buildings was Captain Alden Partridge's American Literary, Scientific, & Military Academy in 1825. That institution had a checkered career and became a center of controversy. In 1829, the military academy moved back to Norwich, Vermont when the Connecticut legislature declined to charter it to grant college degrees, and it later became Norwich University. Afterward, the Methodist Church agreed to buy the vacant campus, then consisting of five buildings, North College, South College, a dormitory that extended across the current campus to High Street, Webb Hall and President's House, (now the Latin American Studies Center).
In the 1840s, Wesleyan was already beginning to make a reputation for itself both for the abolitionist sentiments of its students, and with their ongoing association with the Transcendentalist movement. Both Ralph Waldo Emerson and Orestes Brownson were brought to the campus by the student literary societies, especially the Mystical 7. As national affairs moved closer to war, Wesleyan was put in a more awkward position than many other New England colleges; the Methodist Church was very strong in the South, and a significant number of students were from Southern states. These links were severed after 1861. Not every alumnus who served in the Civil War fought for the Union.
The "decidedly Methodist" era In 1872, the university became one of the first U.S. colleges to experiment with coeducation by allowing a small number of female students to attend, a venture then known as the "Wesleyan Experiment". Because of the preponderance of female students preparing for college in that period, some of Wesleyan's alumni believed that opening the door to coeducation would eventually result in the student body becoming entirely female. Given that concern, Wesleyan ceased to admit women, and from 1912 to 1970 Wesleyan operated again as an all-male college. Wesleyan's decision to stop admitting women subsequently helped lead to the establishment of all-female Connecticut College in nearby New London, founded by Wesleyan alumnae in 1911.
In the days before the invention of the forward pass, Wesleyan was a leader in the development of football as a college sport. For a little more than a decade, Wesleyan fielded teams that played against Yale, Michigan, and Harvard. However these much larger schools eventually were able to far outstrip Wesleyan, and one game, where Wesleyan lost 136 to 0 to Yale (still a record loss in the Northeast), proved that Wesleyan could no longer compete at that level. However, in their only meeting in history in 1883, Wesleyan beat Michigan 14–6.
As detailed by David Potts in his history of Wesleyan, the last decades of the nineteenth century were crucial for Wesleyan. In 1875, Cyrus Foss was able to restore short-term financial stability to the school with many donors from the Methodist Church. To do this, he implemented Christianizing disciplinary measures over the school to combat the "Godlessness" of state-run universities. These policies lasted only two years, and this donorship lasted only a couple of years after that. Afterward, Wesleyan developed the patronage of several prominent families in New York City, (Harriman, Andrus, and to a lesser extent, Vanderbilt), and the institutional ties to those groups markedly increased, while that of the Methodist Church decreased. At the same time, Wesleyan went from being a colorful but minor sectarian educational center to being a well-connected New England college.Wesleyan Diaries and Corrospondance Collection- 1865 - 1927. https://archives.wesleyan.edu/repositories/2/archival_objects/31076
Two of the leading faculty members of the period were William North Rice and Caleb T. Winchester. Rice was hired after his graduation in 1865 as the university librarian, and later became a professor of mathematics and geology. In his 51 years on the faculty, he also taught every other subject as needed on an interim basis. His greatest professional success was in his contributions toward completing the first geological survey of Connecticut. He was also named an acting president of the university between two administrations. Some of his carefully hand-written library cards were still in use in the library card catalog until it was retired in the 1990s. Caleb T. Winchester was a professor of English literature who began his 50-year career at Wesleyan a year after Rice's. His senior year seminar on 'The English Essayists' won him national attention, and Sir Walter A. Raleigh wryly remarked after his tour of America that Winchester was the only educated American he had met.Preface to "A Group of English Essayists", C. T. Winchester, 1910.
Another prominent faculty member was Wilbur Olin Atwater, professor of chemistry and director of the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station (1875–1877) and the Storrs Agricultural Experiment Station (1888–1902). Atwater conducted pioneering tests in human metabolism in the new campus laboratory, the John Bell Scott Memorial, and his work shows the heightened presence of the sciences at Wesleyan in this period compared to some of its peer institutions.
There was a minor building boom on campus in the years just after the turn of the century, which included Fayerweather Gymnasium, (1898), Fisk Hall, (1903), the John Bell Scott Memorial, (1904), Alpha Delta Phi, (1906), Eclectic, (1907). The Van Vleck Observatory, Clark Hall, and the Tomb of the Skull & Serpent Society were designed at this time by the architect Henry Bacon, as was the Hall of the Eclectic Society.The front porch of the Eclectic building is of a vigorous Doric style, which Bacon later refined in his work on the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. Later, starting in the mid-1920s, the Johnstone Quadrangle was created, including Olin Memorial Library, Harriman Hall, Shanklin Hall, and the Hall Chemistry Laboratories.The pre-existing Clark Hall was considered part of the Quadrangle, the sixth building was never erected on the site of the current Science Tower. This series of buildings was all designed by the well-known firm of McKim, Mead & White.Henry Bacon did not design Olin; he only did preliminary volume sketches. The completion of these two episodes of building finished the core of the campus and gave Wesleyan its basic layout through to today (although Shanklin Hall is currently threatened with demolition).
From the 1890s until World War II, Wesleyan men formed various singing groups, including a full men's chorus. There were various tours of singing groups through the early days of radio and especially in the 1920s. At that time, Wesleyan billed itself as "The Singing University."
Woodrow Wilson taught history and political economy at Wesleyan from 1888 to 1890. Before Wesleyan, Wilson taught at Bryn Mawr, where he felt "overworked, underpaid, and much less than enthusiastic about the higher education of women".David R. Potts, Wesleyan University 1831–1910: Collegiate Enterprise in New England. At Wesleyan, Wilson published, The State, a study of comparative government. This work won him tenure at the university.
In 1909, then U.S. President William Howard Taft and U.S. Vice President James S. Sherman were two of the principal speakers (along with the president of the Wesleyan student body, Arthur T. Vanderbilt, and U.S. Senator and future Nobel Laureate Elihu Root) at the inauguration of William Arnold Shanklin as the ninth president of Wesleyan.
List of Wesleyan Presidents
+ Presidents of Wesleyan University.No.NamePresidentTermProfessionLifetimeBuried1.Rev. Willbur FiskPresident1831–1839Minister1792–1839Campus cemeteryAugustus William SmithActing1835–1836Mathematician1802–1866Annapolis, MarylandAugustus William SmithActing1839–1841Mathematician1802–1866Annapolis, Maryland2.Rev. Stephen OlinPresident1839–1841Minister1797–1851?3.Rev. Nathan BangsPresident1841–1842Minister1778–1862?2.Rev. Stephen OlinPresident1842–1851Minister1797–1851?John JohnstonActing1851–1852Mathematician1806–1872?4.Augustus William SmithPresident1852–1857Mathematician1802–1866Annapolis, MarylandJohn JohnstonActing1857–1857Mathematician1806–1872?5.Joseph CummingsPresident1858–1875Minister1817–1890Indian Hill cemeteryJohn Monroe Van VleckActing1872–1873Astronomer1833–1912Indian Hill cemetery6.Rev. Cyrus David FossPresident1875–1880Bishop1834–1910Pawling, New York7.Rev. John Wesley BeachPresident1880–1887Minister1825–1902Indian Hill cemeteryJohn Monroe Van VleckActing1887–1889Astronomer1833–1912Indian Hill cemetery8.Bradford Paul RaymondPresident1889–1908Theologian1846–1916Indian Hill cemeteryJohn Monroe Van VleckActing1896–1897Astronomer1833–1912Indian Hill cemeteryWilliam North RiceActing1908–1909Geologist1845–1928Indian Hill cemetery9.Rev. William Arnold ShanklinPresident1909–1923Minister1862–1924?Stephen Henry OlinActing1923–1925Symposiast1847–1925College Cemetery10.James Lukens McConaughyPresident1925–1943Governor of Connecticut1887–1948Indian Hill cemetery11.Victor Lloyd ButterfieldPresident1943–1967Philosopher1904–1975Wildwood Cemetery12.Edwin Deacon EtheringtonPresident1967–1970President, NYSE1924–2001?Robert A. RosenbaumActing1970–1970Mathematician1915 – 13.Colin Goetze CampbellPresident1970–1988Vice-president, NYSE1935 – William J. BarberActing1988–1988Economist1925 – 14.William ChacePresident1988–1994Dean, Stanford University1938 – Joanne V. CreightonActing1994–1995Educator1942 – 15.Douglas J. Bennet, Jr.President1995–2007President, NPR1938–201816.Michael S. RothPresident2007–presentHistorian1957 –
The secular era