Barannikov (masculine, Russian: Баранников) or Barannikova (feminine, Russian: Баранникова) is a Russian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Aleksei Barannikov (skier) (born 1975), Russian skier Alekseĭ Petrovich Barannikov (1890–1952), Russian linguist Alexander Barannikov (1858–1883), Russian revolutionary Serguei Barannikov (born 1972), Russian mathematician Velikton Barannikov (1938–2007), Soviet boxer Viktor Barannikov (1940–1995), Russian politician