A papal election was held on 14 February 1130, after the death of Pope Honorius II, and resulted in a double election. Part of the cardinals, led by Cardinal-Chancellor Aymery de la Châtre, elected Gregorio Papareschi as Innocent II, but the rest of them refused to recognize him and elected Cardinal Pietro Pierleoni, who took the name of Anacletus II. Although Anacletus had the support of the majority of the cardinals, the Catholic Church today considers Innocent II to have been the legitimate pope and Anacletus II the antipope.
The double election was a result of the growing tensions inside the College of Cardinals concerning the policy of the Holy See towards the Holy Roman Empire, initiated by the Concordat of Worms (1122), which ended the investiture controversy. Several, particularly older, cardinals considered the compromise achieved in Worms as desertion of the principles of the Gregorian Reform, and inclined to accept it only as a tactical move. They supported the traditional alliance of the Papacy with the Normans in southern Italy. Some of them were connected to old monastic centers in Southern Italy such as Montecassino. One of their leaders was Cardinal Pierleoni, representative of one of the most powerful families of Rome.Robinson, pp. 71–72
The opposite faction was headed by Aymery de la Châtre, who was named cardinal and chancellor of the Holy See shortly after signing the Concordat of Worms and was one of the main architects of the new policy. He and his adherents looked at the compromise as a good solution both for the Church and the Emperor, and did not trust the Norman vassals of the Holy See, who expressed some expansionist tendencies. It seems that at least some major representatives of this faction had strong connections to the "new spirituality", meaning the new religious orders such as regular canons. Besides, they were allied with the Roman family of Frangipani, opponents of the Pierleoni family.Robinson, pp. 71–73
In the last weeks of the lifetime of Pope Honorius II the cardinals, fearing the possible schism, made an agreement that the new pope would be elected by the commission of eight of them, including two cardinal-bishops, three cardinal-priests and three cardinal-deacons.Robinson, p. 74; Bloch, p. 946
Cardinals
The College of Cardinals had probably 43 (or 42) members in February 1130. It seems that no more than 37 (36) were present at Rome on the death of Honorius II:The College of Cardinals is reconstructed according to Klewitz, p. 211–229; Hüls, pp. 84 ff; and Brixius, pp. 17–19, 31–40. The one disputed cardinal is Enrico of S. Prisca (Klewitz, p. 211 note 3 denies that he was already a cardinal at the time of the election; Hüls, p. 200 says only that he appears for the first time on February 14, 1130 among signatories of the electoral decree of Anacletus but does not indicate by which pope he had been created; Brixius, p. 35 no. 19 lists him among the members of the Sacred College on the death of Honorius II but adds that he may have been created by Anacletus II). Brixius, p. 39 no. 38 lists also the 44th cardinal, Petrus, priest of S. Eusebio and adherent of Anacletus II, but see Klewitz, pp. 211–212 note 3, and Brixius’ own remarks, op. cit., pp. 18–19 and 82. Chroust, p. 352, also says that Petrus of S. Eusebio belonged to the College at the time of the election and identifies him with cardinal-deacon Petrus of S. Maria in Via Lata under Honorius II, but this identification is undoubtedly erroneous (see Hüls, p. 239).
Elector FactionCardinalatial Title ElevatedDates of promotions based mainly on Hüls, p. 84–87 Elevator NotesPietro SenexAnacletanBishop of Porto1102Paschalis IIDean of the College of CardinalsGuillaumeInnocentineBishop of PalestrinaMarch 1123Callixtus IICommittee memberMatthieu, O.S.B.ClunyInnocentineBishop of AlbanoDecember 1126Honorius IIGiovanni of Camaldoli, O.S.B.Cam.InnocentineBishop of OstiaDecember 1126Honorius IICorrado della SuburraInnocentineBishop of Sabina1113/14Paschalis IICommittee member; future Pope Anastasius IV (1153–54)BonifacioAnacletanPriest of S. Marcoca. 1100Paschalis IIprior cardinaliumFrancesco Liverani, Delle opere di monsignor Francesco Liverani Volume IV (Macerata: Alessandro Mancini 1859), pp. 258–264, at p. 262.Gregorio de CeccanoAnacletanPriest of SS. XII Apostolica. 1102 (deposed 1112, reinstated in March 1123)Paschalis II (reinstated by Callixtus II)Future Antipope Victor IV (1138)Pietro Pierleoni, O.S.B.ClunyAnacletanPriest of S. Maria in Trastevere1111/12Paschalis II Committee member; elected Pope Anacletus II (1130–38)Petrus PisanusAnacletanPriest of S. Susanna1112/13Paschalis IICommittee memberDesideriusAnacletanPriest of S. Prassede1115Paschalis IIGiovanni CremenseInnocentinePriest of S. Crisogonoca. 1116/17Paschalis IISaxo de AnagniaAnacletanPriest of S. Stefano in Celiomonte1117 Paschalis II Crescenzio di AnagniAnacletanPriest of SS. Marcellino e Pietro1117Paschalis IISigizoAnacletanPriest of S. Sisto1117 or 1120Klewitz, p. 217, and Brixius, p. 39 no. 42, count Sigizo among the creations of Paschalis II. Hüls, p. 64 and 86, indicates that he was created only by Callixtus II in 1120, basing on his place in the order of seniority that can be assumed from the order of the cardinalatial subscriptions on the papal bulls. The only evidence for his creation by Paschalis II is Liber Pontificalis, which mentions him among the participants of papal election, 1118; however, it has been proven that this account contains several inaccuracies (Hüls, pp. 63–64, see also Klewitz's own remarks, op. cit., p. 100). Bloch, p. 950, note 3, seems to accept that Sigizo was created by Paschalis II.Paschalis II (or Callixtus II)Pietro RuffinoInnocentinePriest of SS. Silvestro e MartinoMarch 1118Gelasius IICommittee member; nephew of Paschalis IIPietroAnacletanPriest of S. Marcello1120Callixtus IIGerardo Caccianemici, C.R.S.F.InnocentinePriest of S. Croce in GerusalemmeMarch 1123Callixtus IIFuture Pope Lucius II (1144–45)MatteoAnacletanPriest of S. Pietro in VincoliMarch 1123Callixtus IIComesAnacletanPriest of S. SabinaMarch 1123Callixtus IISeveral sources erroneously identify him with Cardinal-Deacon Comes of S. Maria in Aquiro (1116–1126)This identification, though accepted by Brixius, p. 32 no. 8, and Klewitz, p. 214, is impossible because Comes of S. Maria in Aquiro subscribed papal bulls until February 6, 1126 (Hüls, p. 231; Jaffé, p. 823), while Comes of S. Sabina appears for the first time on April 15, 1123 (Hüls, p. 205, Jaffé, p. 781).GregorioAnacletanPriest of S. Balbina1125Honorius IIAldericoAnacletanPriest of SS. Giovanni e Paolo1125Honorius IIPetrusInnocentinePriest of S. Anastasia1126Honorius IIAnselmoInnocentinePriest of S. Lorenzo in Lucina1127/28Honorius IILectifredoAnacletanPriest of S. Vitaleca. 1128Honorius IIJoselmoInnocentinePriest of S. Cecilia1128/29Honorius IIEnricoAnacletanPriest of S. Prisca1129 (?)Honorius II (?)Several sources indicate that he was created only by Anacletus IIThis is according to Klewitz, p. 211 note 3, and Bloch, p. 948. However, it is rather unlikely because Enrico of S. Prisca signed as cardinal the electoral decree of Anacletus on February 14, the same day that Anacletus had been elected, which would mean that he must have been created immediately after his election. It is not impossible, but it seems more reasonable to accept the year 1129 as date of his creation as cardinal of S. Prisca, given by S. Miranda The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church and by Chroust, p. 351 (his predecessor Gerardus of S. Prisca died in April 1129). It must be added, however, that his identification with Cardinal-Deacon Enrico de Mazara of S. Teodoro, proposed by Chroust, p. 351, is certainly erroneous, as has been proved by Klewitz, p. 211 note 3. Gregorio, O.S.B.AnacletanDeacon of S. EustachioBefore 1110 Paschalis II Protodeacon (?)Gregorio Papareschi, C.R.Lat.InnocentineDeacon of S. Angelo in Pescheria1115/16Paschalis IICommittee member; elected Pope Innocent II (1130–43)RomanoInnocentineDeacon of S. Maria in Portico1119Callixtus IIIonathas (Gionata)AnacletanDeacon of SS. Cosma e Damiano December 1120Callixtus IICommittee memberAngeloAnacletanDeacon of S. Maria in Domnica March 1123Callixtus IIGiovanni DauferioAnacletanDeacon of S. Nicola in CarcereMarch 1123Callixtus IIGregorio TarquiniInnocentineDeacon of SS. Sergio e BaccoMarch 1123Callixtus IIAymery de la Châtre, C.R.S.M.R.InnocentineDeacon of S. Maria NuovaMarch 1123Callixtus IICommittee member; Chancellor of the Holy Roman ChurchStefano StornatoAnacletan (?)This is according to Brixius, pp. 39–40 no. 43; Chroust, pp. 351–352; Salvador Miranda: The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Consistory of 1125 (no. 5); and Lorenzo Cardella, Memorie storiche de' Cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa, vol. 1 pt. 1, p. 289. All these sources say that Anacletus II promoted him to the title of S. Lorenzo in Damaso, and that no later than 1132 he joined the obedience of Innocent II, who annulled this promotion. Klewitz, p. 219 note 38 explicitly denies this statement and counts him among Innocentine cardinals. Bloch, p. 950 note 2 says that he "almost certainly" belonged to Innocentine party and suggests that he may have been absent from the election. Hüls, pp. 228–229 says only in general that during the subsequent schism he supported Innocent II and adds that some authors mention his short episode in the obedience of Anacletus II. Cardinal Stefano of S. Lucia is attested in the obedience of Innocent II only from June 25, 1132 (Jaffé, p. 841); therefore, his identification with Anacletan Cardinal Stefano of S. Lorenzo in Damaso (attested only in 1130) seems to be quite likely.Deacon of S. Lucia in Orthea 1125Honorius IIAlberto TeodoliInnocentineDeacon of S. TeodoroSeptember 1127Honorius IIGuido del CastelloInnocentineDeacon of S. Maria in Via Lataca. 1128/29Honorius IIFuture Pope Celestine II (1143–44)
Probably six cardinals were absent from Rome:For the absence of Gilles of Tusculum, Guido of Tivoli, Amico and Oderisio see Bloch, p. 949 and p. 950 note 2. For the legation of Uberto see Klewitz, pp. 224 and 250, and Hüls, p. 162. For the legation of Rustico, see Hüls, p. 158. The absence of Oderisio, Rustico and Guido of Tivoli is mentioned also by Brixius, p. 19.
Elector FactionCardinalatial Title Elevated Elevator NotesGilles of Paris, O.S.B.ClunyAnacletanBishop of TusculumMarch 1123Callixtus IIPapal legate in OutremerGuidoInnocentineBishop of Tivolica. 1124Callixtus IIAmico, O.S.B.Cas.Anacletan Priest of SS. Nereo ed Achilleo 1117Paschalis IIAbbot of S. Vincenzo al VolturnoUberto LanfranchiInnocentinePriest of S. ClementeMarch 1123Callixtus IIPapal legate in Spain; future Archbishop of Pisa (1133–37)RusticoInnocentinePriest of S. Ciriaco1128Honorius IIArchpriest of the Vatican Basilica; papal legate in Upper ItalyOderisio de Sangro, O.S.B.Cas.AnacletanDeacon of S. Agata1111/12Paschalis IIFormer Abbot of Montecassino (1123–26)
Preparations for the election
The parties of the College of Cardinals were of different sizes. The party of Aymeric was smaller, with 19 members, while that of his opponents 24,or 23, if one excludes Enrico of S. Prisca. but the party of the Chancellor was certainly better organized.Robinson, pp. 74–75 suggests that the opponents of the Chancellor formed themselves into one party only during the election.