This is a chronicle of important events that took place under the Shunzhi Emperor of the Qing dynasty (1644–1912). It spans from the death of his predecessor Hong Taiji (r. 1626–1643) in September 1643, to the emperor's own death on 5 February 1661, seven days into the eighteenth year of the Shunzhi reign period. These dates do not correspond perfectly with the Shunzhi era itself, which started on 8 February 1644—on New Year's Day of the lunisolar year following the emperor's accession—and ended on 17 February 1662 (the last day of the 18th year of Shunzhi), more than one solar year after the emperor's death. The posthumous events related to the Shunzhi Emperor's burial and posthumous cult are also included.
Dorgon regency
1643 September 21: Hong Taiji dies after a successful seventeen-year reign during which the Qing became a major power in northeast Asia. (p. 38), (p. 297), and (p. 51) all place Hong Taiji's death on September 21 (Chongde 崇德 8.8.9). (p. 74) gives the date as September 9. His death threatens to split the Manchus just as they are preparing to attack the Ming.. September 26: a Deliberative Council of princes and high officials is convened and decides that five-year-old Fulin, Hong Taiji's ninth son, will succeed his father, but that Hong Taiji's half-brother Dorgon and Jirgalang will be his co-regents. This deal is a compromise between those who wanted to keep the throne in Hung Taiji's descent (the main candidate was Hong Taiji's eldest son Hooge) and those who supported Dorgon. October 8: at the age of six suì, Fulin officially becomes Emperor of the Qing dynasty..
1644 February 8: in Xi'an, Li Zicheng founds the Shun dynasty with the official dynastic name "Great Shun" and proclaims himself King. February 17: Jirgalang willingly yields control of all official matters to his co-regent Dorgon.. March 5: Dorgon sends an amicable letter to Li Zicheng proposing that they "devise a plan in common to unite their forces" against the Ming.. March 17: the Shun army occupies Taiyuan in Shanxi. April 5: Seeing the progress of rebel armies in north China, the Chongzhen Emperor issues a call for the immediate help of any military commandant in the empire.. April 24: Li Zicheng enters Beijing, the capital of the Ming empire. April 25: the Chongzhen Emperor commits suicide on a hill behind the Forbidden City. April 26: Wu Sangui, a powerful Ming general, moves his army through Shanhai Pass (at the eastern end of the Great Wall) and marches toward Beijing in response to the emperor's distress call. When he hears that the capital has fallen, Wu returns to fortify Shanhai Pass.. Wu's departure from the fortified city of Ningyuan, where Ming armies had defeated Qing founder Nurhaci in 1626, leaves all territory outside the Great Wall under Qing control. April 29: the victorious Li Zicheng holds an audience with several thousand Ming officials outside the Donghua Gate of the Forbidden City. Assisted by his main Grand Secretary Niu Jinxing (牛金星), Li selected 92 officials to serve in the Shun government. The remaining literati are given over to Shun generals for punishment.. May 5: Wu Sangui routs an army led by Tang Tong, which Li Zicheng had despatched to attack Shanhai Pass.. May 10: Tang Tong's defeated army returns toward Shanhai Pass with reinforcements, but is again defeated by Wu Sangui. Wu takes the city of Yongping (永平) on the road to Beijing. May 13: words reach the Qing capital of Shengjing that Li Zicheng has been brutalizing former Ming officials and the population of Beijing. Grand Secretary Fan Wencheng uses these news to argue for a Qing intervention in China.. Dorgon agrees to mount a military expedition to punish the rebels and occupy the Central Plains of China.. May 14: Dorgon leads the Qing "Grand Army" out of Shengjing and starts marching south toward the Great Wall. May 18: After the defeat of two of his armies a few days earlier, Li Zicheng decides to take Shanhai Pass himself: he leaves Beijing with an army of 60,000 troops., note 212. May 20: two of Wu Sangui's lieutenants arrive at Dorgon's camp at the Liao River carrying a message from their master asking the Manchus to help Wu defeat Li Zicheng's bandits and restore the Ming dynasty in return for "great profits" (大利). (date of arrival at the Manchus' camp) and 300–1 (content of the letter). Dorgon sends a letter back to Wu Sangui offering. Later that day the Manchus hear for the first time that the Chongzhen emperor was dead. Still on that day, but as a result of earlier plans, small groups of Qing troops start to cross the Great Wall to distribute written proclamations announcing that the Qing army will not harm the population and will only kill Li Zicheng's bandits.. May 25: By that date, Li Zicheng's army was already camping in the outskirts of Shanhai Pass, near the Sha River a few kilometers west of the Shanhai Pass garrison; Wu Sangui sends his troops to confront him there.. Dorgon receives a letter confirming that Wu Sangui has accepted to work for the Qing: he takes his army on a forced march toward Shanhai Pass.. May 26: having covered more than 150 kilometers in 24 hours, Dorgon's troops settle eight kilometers away from the Pass to rest for a few hours. They are awoken at midnight to continue marching. May 27: Battle of Shanhai Pass. At dawn Dorgon's main army reaches the gates of Shanhaiguan, where Dorgon receives Wu Sangui's formal surrender. The armies deploy for battle: placed in the vanguard, Wu's troops are ordered to charge the Shun army, but they are unable to break the rebels' line and suffer heavy casualties. By the late afternoon, they are on the verge of defeat when a sandstorm starts blowing on the battlefield.. Dorgon chooses this moment to intervene: galloping around Wu's right flank, Qing bannermen destroys Li's left wing. The Shun army is defeated and retreats chaotically toward Yongping; thousands are massacred.. May 28: Li Zicheng retreats from Yongping toward Beijing.. Wu Sangui is named Prince Pingxi; his remaining troops shave their heads and join the Qing forces., note 262. May 31: Li Zicheng reenters Beijing with his troops, which started to loot the capital.. June 3: as a "final gesture of defiance" after his decisive defeat at Shanhai Pass, Li Zicheng officially declares himself Emperor of the Great Shun at the Wuying dian 武英殿. (citation and date); (Wuying dian). June 4: after 42 days in Beijing, Li Zicheng sets the imperial palaces on fire and abandons the capital to flee toward the west. The Beijing population massacres rebels who had not fled; nearly two thousand are killed.. June 5: led by Dorgon, Qing troops are welcomed into the capital; the Beijing population is shocked because it was expecting Wu Sangui to bring back the Ming heir apparent.. June 7: Dorgon issues special proclamations to officials around the capital, assuring them that if the local population accepts to cut their hair and to surrender, the officials will be allowed to stay at their post.. (See June 25.) June 25: because peasant rebellions quickly erupted around the capital in reaction to the haircutting order of June 7, Dorgon issues an edict saying that people will be allowed to arrange their hair the way they want., pp. 420–422. gives the date as June 28. July 14: Dorgon declares Beijing (which he calls "Yanjing" 燕京) the new capital of the Qing. (gives the date as Shunzhi 1.6.11). Mukden (present-day Shenyang), which had been the Qing capital since 1634, is retained as a secondary capital.. July 29: at the request of his superior, German Jesuit missionary Johann Adam Schall von Bell petitions the Qing throne, claiming that the Jesuit calendar is more accurate than the other ones available., note 24. October 19: the six-year-old Emperor arrives in Beijing through the Zhengyang Gate, where he is welcomed by Dorgon.. October 31: the Jesuit Johann Adam Schall von Bell is made Director of the Bureau of Astronomy (欽天監) after a test of the Jesuits' prediction for an eclipse on September 1 proved to be more accurate than those of the court's official astronomer., pp. 857–58, note 24. November 8: a formal ritual of imperial enthronement is held for Fulin, during which the merits of Dorgon as regent are compared to those of the Duke of Zhou., pp. 858 and 860. Dorgon's title is raised from "Prince Regent" to "Uncle Prince Regent" ( ), in which shufu (ecike in Manchu) represents a rank higher than that of imperial prince., pp. 860–61, and p. 861, note 31. November 11: Hooge is reinstated to the status of Prince Su; Dorgon's brother Ajige is named Prince Ying; Jirgalang is demoted from "Prince Regent" to "Assistant Uncle Prince Regent" ( )..
1645 January 20: the court orders that land without owners be reclaimed and given to Bannermen (圈地). In fact even land that has owners and occupants is confiscated.. (Say more.) June 16: it is declared that all official documents will heretofore refer to Dorgon as "Imperial Uncle Prince Regent" (Huang shufu shezheng wang 皇叔父攝政王). Court ceremonies are also reformed to elevate Dorgon's ritual position even higher.. June 17: the Prince of Fu, who had been reigning as the "Hongguang Emperor" since June of the previous year, is captured near Nanjing by Qing forces led by Liu Liangzuo.. July 8: all people who submit to the Qing dynasty are ordered to shave their forehead and tie their hair into a queue.. This "haircutting command" provokes widespread resistance among the Chinese population. July 29: Zhu Yujian, the Prince of Tang, is named Regent (or "Protector of the State" 監國)... August 18: Zhu Yujian, the Prince of Tang, is proclaimed emperor less than a month after arriving in Fuzhou.. He will reign under the title of Longwu 隆武. August 24: fall of Jiading to the forces of Li Chengdong, a former Ming general who was now serving the Qing; he orders a massacre of the entire population., pp. 658–59. September 22: Li Chengdong takes Songjiang.. October 9: the city of Jiangyin falls to Qing armies led by Liu Liangzuo after a siege of 83 days. The entire population (about 100,000 victims) is massacred over the next two days..
1646 September 29 and 30: hearing that Qing troops were approaching, the court of the Longwu Emperor leaves Yanping in western Fujian and tries to flee toward Ganzhou in Jiangxi.. October 6: a Qing contingent catches up with the fleeing Longwu Emperor and executes him summarily. October 17 or 27: the Qing army captures Fuzhou unopposed. (p. 676) gives October 17; (p. 171) has October 27 (Shunzhi 3.9.19). November 19: the Qing forbids officials to memorialize about five controversial issues: haircutting (剃髮), costume (衣冠), the seizure of lands (圈地), (投充), and runaway slaves (逃人).. November 20: Zhu Youlang, the Ming Prince of Gui, is named protector of the state (監國) in Zhaoqing (Guangdong); it is decided that he will reign under the title Yongli 永曆. December 21: Zheng Zhilong, who had defended the Longwu court, surrenders to the Qing in Fuzhou. He is taken north as a prisoner..
1647 February 1: Bandit leader Zhang Xianzhong is killed in battle by Qing troops led by Hooge, the son of Hong Taiji who had failed to succeed his father on the imperial throne in 1643., pp. 17–18. August 2: Dorgon's brother Dodo is named Prince Yu.. September 7: The Qing court forbids Portuguese merchants based in Macao from entering the provinces to trade. September 28 / October 27 (SZ4.9): the court receives an embassy sent by the Ryukyu king to congratulate the Shunzhi Emperor on his accession..
1648 February 25: Haoge (Prince Su) returns to the capital after his victorious but costly Sichuan campaign (see Feb. 1, 1647).. March 29: Dorgon demotes Jirgalang from Prince Zheng to Prince of the second rank (郡王).. He was given back his rank on May 25.. April 5: Annam sends a tributary embassy to the Southern Ming. March 24 / April 22 (SZ5.3): Milayin and Ding Guodong rise against the Qing in Gansu..
1649