Operation Bulbasket was an operation undertaken by 'B' Squadron, 1st Special Air Service (SAS), behind enemy lines in German occupied France, between June and August 1944. The operation took place to the east of Poitiers in the Vienne department of south west France. Its objective was to block the Paris to Bordeaux railway line near Poitiers and to disrupt German reinforcements heading towards the Normandy beachheads, especially the 2nd SS Panzer Division – Das Reich.
During the course of the operation, the SAS discovered the whereabouts of a petrol supply train destined for the 2nd SS Panzer Division. The supply train was destroyed by Royal Air Force bombers the same night.
The SAS team made their base near Verrieres, the location of which was betrayed to the Germans. In the follow-up attack on their camp, 33 members of the SAS were captured and later executed together with a United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) pilot who had fallen in with them, after bailing out of his P-51 Mustang. Seven captured Maquisards were also executed in the woods after the attack. Three other SAS men, who had been wounded in the fight and taken to hospital, were executed by lethal injection while in their hospital beds.Outrage at this execution of prisoners by the Germans should be tempered with the knowledge that the SAS was instructed not to take prisoners. Hastings, page 207.
Background
The men involved in Operation Bulbasket were part of the Special Air Service. This was a unit of the British Army, formed in July 1941 by David Stirling and originally called 'L' Detachment, Special Air Service Brigade; 'L' being an attempt at deception, implying the existence of numerous other such units.Molinari, p.22Haskew, p.39 It was conceived as a commando-type force intending to operate behind enemy lines during the North African Campaign.Thompson, p.7
In 1944, the Special Air Service Brigade was formed, consisting of the British 1st and 2nd Special Air Service, the French 3rd and 4th SAS and the Belgian 5th SAS. They were to undertake parachute drops behind German lines in FranceShortt & McBride, p.16 and, there, carry out operations supporting the Allied advance through Belgium, the Netherlands and eventually into Germany.Shortt & McBride, p.15
In May 1944, the Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF) issued an order for the Special Air Service Brigade to carry out two operations in France; Houndsworth in the area of Dijon was to be conducted by 'A' Squadron and Bulbasket, near Poitiers, by 'B' Squadron.
The focus of both operations would be the disruption of German reinforcements routing from the south of France to the Normandy beachheads. To carry out the operations, the men were to destroy supply dumps, block the Paris to Bordeaux railway line near Poitiers, and attack railway sidings and fuel trains. One formation they especially wanted to delay was the 2nd SS Panzer Division - Das Reich which was based in the area around Toulouse in the south of France. The intelligence experts at SHAEF, responsible for planning the Normandy landings, had estimated it would take three days for the panzer division to reach Normandy.
The officer in command of 'B' Squadron was Captain John Tonkin of the 1st SAS, with Second Lieutenant Richard Crisp his second in command. Both men were briefed on the operation by SHAEF in London 1 June 1944. Over the next two days they spent time at the headquarters of the Special Operations Executive, which had agents of 'F' section deployed in the operational area under the command of Amédée Maingard, code named 'Samuel'. Maingard had links with the two main French Resistance groups in the area, the Francs-tireurs et Partisans and the Armée Secrète. Tonkin was also given a list of rail targets by Headquarters Special Air Service.
Mission
The advance party for Operation Bulbasket, including Tonkin, were flown to France in a Handley Page Halifax belonging to 'B' Flight, No. 161 Squadron RAF, the special duties squadron. Their drop zone was an area of the Brenne marshes—known as the 'Land of a Thousand Lakes'— south west of Châteauroux. They arrived at 01:37 hours on 6 June 1944, a few hours before the beginning of the D-Day invasion of Normandy by the Allied forces. With the advance team on the flight was Captain William Crawshay and the "Hugh" team from Operation Jedburgh Crawshay was not pleased with the task of supporting Bulbasket, "mistrusting the SAS men's ability to operate effectively and not compromise security.". Crawshay would later call the SAS "Sad Athletic Sacks."
The next morning Tonkin, the advance team and Crawshay met with their SOE contact, 'Samuel' (Maingard) and Paul Mirguet, commander of the Armée secrète, one of the two armed resistance organizations in the area. They reached an agreement that Bulbasket would operate in the west in Vienne Department near the city of Poitiers and the Jedburghs, SOE, and the Armée secrète in Indre Department to the east, each with a major railroad in their district leading north toward Normandy. The principal objective of Bulbasket was to delay German reinforcements from reaching Normandy. The 2nd SS Panzer Division (Das Reich) with 15,000 men and 1,400 vehicles in southern France began its journey of to Normandy on 8 June.
Two additional groups of SAS personnel from 'B' Squadron were parachuted in, one on 7 June and the second on 11 June. Also dropped at the same time were Jeeps armed with Vickers K machine guns. Once on the ground, the SAS Squadron set about preventing German reinforcements reaching Normandy. They attacked the rail network, laid mines, conducted vehicle patrols in their Jeeps and trained members of the French Resistance.
On 10 June a French railwayman informed Tonkin that a train composed of at least eleven petrol tankers was parked at the rail sidings at Châtellerault. These were the fuel reserves for the advancing 2nd SS Panzer Division. To confirm their location, Tonkin sent Lieutenant Tomos Stephens on a reconnaissance of the area. Travelling alone by bicycle, Stephens made the round trip - returning on 11 June. He confirmed the location of the petrol train. He also reported that it was too heavily guarded for the SAS squadron to deal with. Tonkin contacted England and requested an air attack on the train. That night a force of 12 Royal Air Force de Havilland Mosquito bombers, six each from No. 138 Wing RAF, based at RAF Lasham and 140 Wing, based at Gravesend in Kent, attacked the train in its sidings.Kiras, p.98. The mission was a success.
To prevent their camp being located or compromised by German radio direction finding equipment or informers, Tonkin regularly moved its location. New camps had to be close to water and a drop zone for parachute supply. The Verrières camp was close to the drop zone at La Font d'Usson and had an adequate water supply. The SAS Squadron was at Verrières between 25 June and 1 July. The local population had also become aware of the camp and Tonkin was warned by Maingard that if the locals knew, informers would soon tell the Germans.
Tonkin ordered the squadron to move to a new camp just to the south west in the Bois des Cartes. This new camp was also close to the drop zone at La Font d'Usson where they were expecting supplies to be parachuted in over the night of 3/4 July. At Bois des Cartes, the water supply from the well failed. As a result, Tonkin decided to return to Verrières until a more suitable camp site could be found.
German attack The German SS Security Police were informed that the SAS were camped in the forest near Verrières. On 1 July they sent agents into the forest to attempt to locate the camp and assembled an attacking force based on the reserve battalion of the 17th SS Panzergrenadier Division Götz von Berlichingen which was based at Bonneuil-Matours. With the arrival of the SAS Squadron back at their old base camp, Tonkin set out on 2 July to try to locate a new camp. He returned in the early hours of 3 July just before the Germans attacked, unaware they had managed to surround the camp during the night. The force in the forest camp consisted of 40 SAS men, the USAAF P-51 pilot, Second Lieutenant Lincoln Bundy, who had been shot down on 10 June 1944 and attached himself to the SAS, and nine men from the French Resistance.
The Germans attacked at dawn and fighting was over by 14:00. As the Germans searched the forest the SAS men tried to break out. A party of 34 were moving down a forest track when they were ambushed and captured.Foot, p.409 The leader of the party, Lieutenant Tomos Stephens, was beaten to death by a German officer using a rifle butt, and seven captured Maquisards were executed in the woods. Their fate was determined by the issue of the Commando Order by Adolf Hitler, which called for the execution of all captured commandos. The decision of who was going to execute them was the cause of an argument between the German Army and the SS, which the army won. Does this mean the army shot the allied soldiers, or refused to shoot them? Presumably the former?
On 7 July, the surviving prisoners of war, 30 SAS men and Second Lieutenant Bundy, were taken into the woods near to St Sauvant, forced to dig their own graves then executed by a German firing squad at dawn. Their bodies were then buried in three separate graves. Three SAS men who had been wounded and hospitalized were killed by the administration of lethal injection.Outrage at the execution of British prisoners may be tempered by the fact that SAS teams parachuted into France were ordered not to take any prisoners. Hastings, Max, Das Reich (2013), Minneapolis: Zenith Press, page 207.
Reprisal attack by the RAF Jedburgh team "Hugh", operating in the area, reported back to Special Forces HQ requesting a reprisal attack on the headquarters of the 17th SS Panzergrenadier Division in Bonneuil-Matours. Special Forces HQ passed the request on to SAS Brigade HQ, who contacted No. 2 Group RAF, part of the RAF's Second Tactical Air Force. 2 Group's Air Officer Commanding, Air Vice-Marshal Basil Embry, assigned the reprisal attack to No. 140 Wing RAF, which had carried out Tonkins' request for the attack on the supply trains at Châtellerault the previous month.
By this time, No. 140 Wing was operating out of RAF Thorney Island in West Sussex, where, on 14 July 1944, Embry personally briefed the 14 crews selected for this operation. The plan of attack called for four phases: four Mosquitos would drop high explosive bombs; following them, six aircraft would drop US AN-M76 Napalm-filled incendiary bombs;Note: This use of the [AN-]M76 incendiary marks the first use of a Napalm-type jellied gasoline incendiary weapon in a tactical bombing operation in World War II, preceding its employment at Coutances by three days (it had already been employed in a strategic context against Berlin on 6 March 1944, see Kleber and Birdsell, p. 158). The incendiary thickening agent used in the AN-M76 was "PT1" (Pyrotechnic mix 1), which was similar to Napalm but contained added magnesium powder and burned at an even higher temperature. the remaining aircraft would then drop more HE bombs and finally the aircraft would return to strafe the target before returning to base.
The Mosquitos left Thorney Island at about 21:00 hours, met up with an escort of 12 Mustang Mk. IIIs for the low-level daylight crossing of enemy-held territory in Northern France. They arrived on target at approximately 21:00 local time, when the German troops were eating their evening meal. The attack went as planned and all seven barrack blocks were destroyed, with local estimates of the number of German troops killed variying from 80 to about 200. All aircraft returned safely to Thorney Island in the early hours of 15 July.Details of this operation from McCue, P., pp.99-105 and the No. 487 Squadron 'Operations Record Book' available at the UK National Archive, ref. no. AIR 27/1935/38
Withdrawal