"Aswathi Thirunal" Umayamma, known as Queen Umayamma or Queen Ashure (Aswathi),Papers and articles. "Holding Kings to Ransom – Royal Women in Matrilineal Kerala": Manu S. Pillai (2015) (died 1698), was the regent queen of Venad (Venatu)A. Sreedhara Menon. "Kerala History and its Makers" DC Books (Kottayam) 2016 in southern India from 1677 to 1684Markus P. M. Vink. "Encounters on the Opposite Coast: The Dutch East India Company and the Nayaka State of Madurai in the Seventeenth Century" (2015) BRILL on behalf of her young nephew (son of her older sister Senior Queen Makayiram Thirunal) Ravi Varma. She also served as the Junior Queen of Attingal under Senior Queen Makayiram Thirunal and subsequently as the Senior Queen of Attingal.Lakshi Raghunandan. "The Life and Times of Maharani Setu Lakshmi Bayi, the Last Queen of Travancore". Maharani Setu Lakshmi Memorial Charitable Trust. Bangalore (1995)K. V. Krishna Ayyar. "A Short History of Kerala" (1966) . Pai and Company (Cochin) India
While Ravi Varma ruled as the king of Trippapoor (1684-1718), Umayamma continued retention of the sovereign power over his swaroopam. She was able to negotiate independently with the English and Dutch factors in Kerala. The English East India Company secured factory sites at Vilinjam (Brinhjohn), and Ruttera (either Valiyathura or Vettoor) from Umayamma in 1688. Permission to construct a fort at Anjengo was secured from the queen in 1694. Umayamma also concluded an agreement with the Danes at Edava, near Attingal
Queen Umayamma built the administrative foundation on which her grandson Marthanda Varma built modern Travancore. Dutch commander Henrik van Rheede (who met Umayamma in 1677) writing in 1694, concludes that Attingal could summon an army of 30,000 men at the time. Umayamma died in 1698 in Valiyathura.
Background Collateral branches of Venad ruling family exercised independent authority in their domains. They were Elayadathu Swaroopam (Kottarakara, Desinganad Swaroopam (Quilon), and Peraka Thavazhi (Nedumangad).Pillai (1940), p. 202 Besides, even within the limited domains of the Trippappoor branch, by 17th century, factions were rife due to the refractory Nair nobles (madampis), most powerful of whom were the Barons of the Eight Houses.P. S. Menon (1878) The Association of Eight and Half (the Ettara Yogakkar) also wielded considerable power in the state machinery.
Queens of Attingal During the 14th century, the Trippappoor ruling family was forced to adopt two female members from the Kolathunad ruling family (northern Kerala). A royal residence was constructed at Attingal (Chittatinkara), for the residence of the two princiesses, and they were installed as Senior and Junior Queens of Attingal ("Attingal Mootha Thampuran" and "Attingal Elaya Thampuran"). The land around Attingal was assigned to them, and the revenue derived therefrom was placed at their disposal.
The eldest princess of the Trippappoor ruling family was known as "the (Senior) Queen of Attingal". Only the Senior Queen of Attingal was allowed to hold the throne at Attingal whether any adult male existed or not. Trippappoor Swaroopam was usually ruled by her male heir (son, brother or cousin). The spouse of the king of Trippappoor was not allowed to hold the title "Queen", and thus the Queen of Attingal was the senior queen of Trippappoor.Leena, P. K. “RANI OF ATTINGAL AND THE ENGLISH IN TRAVANCORE.” Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, vol. 46, 1985, pp. 364–372., http://www.jstor.org/stable/44141376.
As per historian P. S. Menon, in all Kerala, there was no "Queen-Mother" who possesses so much influence in public affairs as in Attingal. The queen controlled a large territory of her own independent of Trippappoor. The Queen of Attingal was also allowed to reign as full sovereigns in the Trippapoor (Travancore) and Desinganad (Kollam) branches of Venad in the absence of male heirs. By the time of Umayamma, the seat of the Attingal queen was sufficiently strong to intervene in the internal affairs of the Trippappoor Swaroopam. The king of Trippappoor was seen as a vassal of Queen Umayamma in the late 17th century.
The Queens of Attingal had independent warriors under their control, and personally led them into battles. In the 16th century, the Queen of Kollam also had considerable political and economical independence. Some of the treaties between Venad and the Portuguese were signed by the Queen of Kollam. It is known that the Queen of Kollam, in alliance with the Queen of Attingal, also carried out military campaigns against the Portuguese. In a military campaign against the Trippappoor, the Queen of Attingal is believed to have joined forces with her cousin (Queen of Kollam) in Kollam.
As the regent of Trippappoor
Umayamma, the Junior/Second Queen of Attingal, was the niece (a daughter of brother or sister) of Venad king Aditya Varma. Excluding the collateral branches, the other important members of the royal family at the time were Makayiram Thirunal, the Senior Queen of Attingal, and her young son, Ravi Varma.Pillai (1940), p. 226
The polity of Venad was in a state of turmoil in the late-17th century. The predecessor of Umayamma, Aditya Varma (d. 1677), had been adopted from the Vallarapalli "branch" of the ruling family of Cochin to Trippappoor Swaroopam in 1630, thereby offending the claims of the "collateral branches" of the Venad family to the throne.
In 1674 an adoption had to be made and king Aditya Varma favoured his sister's son Vallarapalli Rama Varma. Nedumangad Vira Kerala Varma put forward the claims of his younger brother against the proposed adoption. In order to prevent an adoption from Nedumangad, Umayamma supported Aditya Varma. Rama Varma was accordingly adopted by the Senior Queen. In 1677 Aditya Varma died, and his successor Ravi Varma was still a minor.Pillai (1940), p. 219 Umayamma (Second Queen of Attingal) took charge as regent with the approval of the Senior Queen.
Umayamma re-established regular performance of pujas in Sri Padmnabhaswami Temple at Thiruvananthapuram, after a gap of five years, in 1678. She also known to have renovated the Agasteeswaran Temple.
Henrik van Rheede, the Dutch Governor in Ceylon, met with Umayamma in 1677 AD: As per P. S. Menon, Aditya Varma was assassinated by the Barons of the Eight Houses and the Association of Eight and Half (the Ettara Yogakkar). Umayamma (the only female member in the royal family as per Menon) was residing in a mud fort complex called Puthenkotta, on the western side of the river Killiar, at the time. She had six sons of whom five were also killed by the Barons of the Eight Houses. Her nine-year-old son - not her nephew - Ravi Varma was crowned as the ruler of Venad, and Umayamma became Queen regent of Venad (1677). The regent and her son later shifted to Koyikkal Palace, Nedumangad. However, according to the records of the Padmanabhaswamy Temple in Thiruvananthapuram and other sources, some historians have challenged the version given by Menon and claim that Umayamma did not have any children at all.Pillai (1940), p. 225A. S. Menon (1967) Similarly the story of the poisoning of Aditya Varma, the predecessor to Umayamma, has also been challenged and it is now assumed that he died a natural death in 1677 at Darpakulangara Palace.
Response of Nedumangad
In 1672, Umayamma adopted two boys, namely Rama Unni Pandarathil of Vallarapalli and Rama Koyil. Most of the nobles, and barons who lost or had lose by the new administration joined with Nedumangad Vira Kerala Varma. Vira Kerala Varma allying with the Kottarakara branch (Elayadathu Muttavar), and the warriors of Kalakkad Chidambaranatha Pillai, advanced against Umayamma at Thiruvananthapuram via Kalkulam and Neyyattinkara. Queen's warriors opposed them at Karamana and under cover of this engagement she withdrew to Varkala and then to Attingal. Vira Kerala was able to capture Kalkulam in July, 1677.Pillai (1940), p. 229Pillai (1940), p. 228
Makayiram Thirunal, the Senior Rani of Attingal, died in 1678 AD, and Umayamma succeeded as Senior Queen of Attingal. She adopted a prince (Aditya Varma) and two princesses from the Kolathunad. Vira Kerala Varma was soon defeated by Umayamma at Nemam and Edakkode, and took up her quarters at Kalkkulam. Immediately Vira Kerala surrounded the fort. She however made preparations for attacking Nedumangad and sent orders to her warriors at Attingal to invade it. Vira Kerala left Kalkulam to defend his swaroopam.
Kerala Varma, invited by Umayamma from the Kottayam royal family of northern Kerala, was adopted into the royal family during this time. He was given the title of "Prince of Hiranyanallur" and was then appointed as the queen's principle counsellor, and commander of all the militia then on the side of the queen.
Incursion by the Muslim adventurer In 1680 Nanjanad (southern Travancore) was overrun by the troops (known locally as Mughilin pada- mughal army) led by a Muslim general (whose name has been lost). He marched into Travancore via the Aromboli Pass and became the ruler of the country between Thovala and Edava on the coast line of Travancore. He reached suburbs of Thiruvananthapuram and camped at Manacaud. The Barons of the Eight Houses and the Association of Eight and Half (the Ettara Yogakkar) fled to safety. Umayamma herself fled Thiruvananthapuram and sought refuge at Nedumangad. The Muslim forces were eventually beaten back by the forces led by Kottayam Kerala Varma. Pursuing the Mughilin Pada, Kerala Varma and his army caught up with them and engaged in battle with them at Thiruvattar. The Mughilin Pada was defeated and their Sardar killed in the battle. Umayamma and Ravi Varma safely returned to Thiruvananthapuram. Soon Umayamma publicly declared that the Nedumangad had no claim to the Trippappoor throne.
Kerala Varma took the reins of Trippappoor into his hands. The Barons and the Ettara Yogam were cowed under the new system. Two palaces were constructed in Thiruvananthapuram called Tevarathu Koikkal and Valia Koikkal for the residence of Umayamma and Kerala Varma.Pillai (1940), p. 235 It is said that the Barons and the temple trustees (Ettara Yogam) assassinated Kerala Varma in front of Valiya Koikkal. He was returning from the palace of Umayamma at night after an interview. It also seems that some misunderstandings also arose between Kerala Varma and Queen Umayamma towards the end of the former's life. As per historian K. V. K. Ayyar, Umayamma and Kerala Varma must have been responsible for the removal of "Pulappedi" and "Mannappedi" in 1696. When in 1693 one branch of the family became extinct, Umayamma did not allow the king of Trippappoor annex that swaroopam but subjugated it herself. In 1696 she even carried another offensive military campaign into Trippappoor Swaroopam.
As early as 1680s, rumours circulated that the Madurai rulers intended to invade Travancore in order to forcibly collect arrears in tribute. Travancore was a nominal tributary of the Madurai at the time. In an attempt to deal with the Barons of the Eight Houses, Umayyamma invoked the assistance of the Madurai pradhani. In late 1685, the Madurai pradhani Tiruvenkatanatha Ayya invaded Travancore with a large body of troops. In fact, this incursion was to be the precursor of an almost annual invasion of southern Travancore by Madurai forces after 1689 (via Kottar or the Aramboli Pass).
Meanwhile, 16-year-old Ravi Varma (son of Makayiram Thirunal) was given sovereignty as the king of Trippappoor in 1684. In 1688 Ravi Varma adopted two princes - Unni Kerala Varma and Rama Varma - and two princesses from Kolathunad.Pillai (1940), p. 233 Ravi Varma ruled from 1684 to 1718. Umayamma died in 1698 in Valiyathura. Soon after her death, the king of Trippappoor granted the Company of the privilege of minting currency (which she had withheld for decades).
Relations with the Dutch and English