The Battle of Monmouth on June 28, 1778, saw a colonial American army under Major General George Washington fight a British army led by Lieutenant General Sir Henry Clinton. After evacuating Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on June 18, Clinton intended to march his 13,000-man army to New York City. Washington sent 6,400 troops commanded by Major General Charles Lee to attack the British column of march near Monmouth Court House, New Jersey. When Clinton counterattacked, Lee ordered his badly deployed troops to fall back immediately. Washington brought up 7,000 men to support Lee's withdrawing wing and held his ground against repeated British assaults. That evening Clinton retreated from the field and continued his march to Sandy Hook, where the British fleet waited to ferry his army to New York. Both armies' casualties were about even in the last major battle in the northern colonies. Lee was court martialed for his behavior during the battle.Eggenberger, 282.

British order of battle

Lieutenant General Sir Henry Clinton (est. 18,000–19,000)Johnson, 95. Johnson listed the British total strength and the organization down to brigade and detachment level. Staff: Adjutant General: Lieutenant Colonel Francis Lord Rawdon Deputy Adjutant General: Major Stephen Kemble, Captain George Hutchinson Assistant Adjutant General: Lieutenant James Cramond Quartermaster General: Brigadier General Sir William Erskine Royal Artillery Commander: Brigadier General James Pattison Senior Engineer Officer: Captain John Montresor (absent) Aide-de-Camp: Major Duncan Drummond, Captains William Sutherland, Lord William Cathcart, William Crosbie, Alexander von Wilmowsky, Ernst von Munchhausen Military Secretary: Captain John Smith Deputy Inspector General of Provincial Forces: Captain Henry Rooke Deputy Muster-Master of Provincial Forces: Andrew Bell

1st Division The 1st Division was commanded by Lieutenant General Lord Cornwallis and comprised 9,440 combat troops.Lender & Stone 2016, pp. 468–470. Unit Commander Strength Notes Rearguard Brigadier General Sir William Erskine (Afternoon only) Queen's American Rangers Lieutenant Colonel John Graves Simcoe 454 British foot regiments each contained a company of light infantry, but during the American Revolutionary War these were detached to form the separate Light Infantry Battalion.Lender & Stone 2016, pp. 48, 49. 16th Queen's Light Dragoons Lieutenant Colonel William Harcourt 365 1st Battalion Light Infantry Lieutenant Colonel Robert Abercromby 730 Grenadiers 1st Battalion Lieutenant Colonel William Meadows 761 British foot regiments each contained a company of Grenadiers, but during the American Revolutionary War these were detached to form separate Grenadier battalions. 2nd Battalion Lieutenant Colonel Henry Monckton 737 Guards Brigadier General Edward Mathew 1st Battalion Colonel Henry Trelawny 502 The Guards battalions were formed for service in North America by drawing fifteen men from each of the sixty-four Guards companies of the Foot Guard regiments.Lender & Stone 2016, p. 48. 2nd Battalion Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Howard 480 3rd Brigade Major General Charles Grey 15th Regiment of Foot Lieutenant Colonel Joseph Stopford(?) 352 17th Regiment of Foot Lieutenant Colonel Charles Mawhood 330 42nd (Royal Highland) Regiment of Foot Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Stirling 639 44th Regiment of Foot Lieutenant Colonel Henry Hope 334 4th Brigade Major General Charles Grey 33rd Regiment of Foot Lieutenant Colonel James Webster 365 37th Regiment of Foot Major James Cousseau 386 46th Regiment of Foot Lieutenant Colonel Enoch Markham 319 64th Regiment of Foot Major Robert McLeroth 426 5th Brigade Brigadier General Alexander Leslie 7th Regiment of Foot (Royal Fusiliers) Lieutenant Colonel Alured Clarke 333 26th Regiment of Foot Lieutenant Colonel Charles Stuart 314 63rd Regiment of Foot Colonel James Paterson(?) 305 Hessian Grenadiers Colonel Heinrich Julius von Kospoth Linsing Lieutenant Colonel Otto Christian von Linsingen 411 Minnigerode Lieutenant Colonel Friedrich L. von Minnigerode 427 Lengerke Lieutenant Colonel Georg Emanuel Lengerke 453 Noncombatants Women 355 Number of women granted permission to accompany the army. Because many women who were supposed to have been transported from Philadelphia by sea chose to accompany the army overland, the actual number was greater.Lender & Stone 2016, p. 548.

2nd Division

The 2nd Division was commanded by Lieutenant General Wilhelm von Knyphausen and comprised 8,229 combat troops and 1,394 noncombatants.Lender & Stone 2016, pp. 463–467. While the 1st Division fought at Monmouth Court House, the 2nd Division proceeded with the 1,500 wagons of the baggage train towards Middletown. It endured only light harassment from American militia along the way.Lender & Stone 2016, pp. 97–98, 350–352. Unit Commander Strength Notes 17th Light Dragoons Lieutenant Colonel Samuel Birch 333 British foot regiments each contained a company of light infantry, but during the American Revolutionary War these were detached to form the separate Light Infantry Battalion. 2nd Battalion Light Infantry Lieutenant Colonel John Maitland 799 Jäger Korps Lieutenant Colonel Ludwig von Wurmb Hessian Jägers 701 Of the Hessian Jägers, 37 were mounted and 664 were infantry.Lender & Stone 2016, p. 463. Anspach Chasseurs 92 1st Brigade Major General James Grant 4th (King's Own) Regiment of Foot Lieutenant Colonel James Ogilvie 321 23rd Regiment of Foot (Royal Welsh Fusiliers): Lieutenant Colonel Nesbitt Balfour 432 28th Regiment of Foot: Lieutenant Colonel Robert Prescott 313 49th Regiment of Foot: Lieutenant Colonel Sir Henry Calder 372 2nd Brigade Major General James Grant 5th Regiment of Foot Major George Harris(?) 367 10th Regiment of Foot Lieutenant Colonel Francis Smith 135 27th (Inniskilling) Regiment of Foot Lieutenant Colonel Edward Mitchell 340 40th Regiment of Foot Lieutenant Colonel Sir Thomas Musgrave 322 55th Regiment of Foot Lieutenant Colonel Cornelius Cuyler 268 Stirn's Brigade Major General Johann Daniel Stirn Leib Infantry Regiment Colonel Friedrich W. von Wurmb 573 Infantry-Regiment von Donop Colonel David von Gosen 580 Loos's Brigade Colonel Johann August von Loos Fusilier Regiment von Alt Lossberg Colonel Johann August von Loos 276 Grenadier Regiment von Woellworth was distributed between the two Fusilier regiments.Lender & Stone 2016, p. 465. Fusilier Regiment von Knyphausen Major Johann Friedrich von Stein 253 Grenadier Regiment von Woellworth 257 Provincial Infantry Guides and pioneers Captain Simon Fraser 206 Roman Catholic Volunteers Lieutenant Colonel Alfred Clifton 207 Maryland Loyalists Lieutenant Colonel James Chalmers 370 Pennsylvania Loyalists Lieutenant Colonel William Allen 168 New Jersey Volunteers Lieutenant Colonel John Van Dyke 211 Bucks County Volunteers Captain William Thomas 76 Provincial Horse Philadelphia Light Dragoons Captain Richard Hovenden 116 Bucks County Light Dragoons Lieutenant Walter Willet 60 Provincial Recruits 3rd Battalion of New Jersey Volunteers 17 Caledonian Volunteers Captain William Sutherland 9 Volunteers of Ireland Lieutenant Colonel Francis Lord Rawdon 16 Emmericks Chasseurs Captain Christian Huck 11 Noncombatants Black pioneers Captain Allen Stewart 49 The quantity shown for women represents the official figure of those granted permission to accompany the army. Because many women who were supposed to have been transported from Philadelphia by sea chose to accompany the army overland, the actual number was greater. Paymaster's guard and suite 10 Lieutenant Colonel Rawdon's guard and suite 3 Deputy Inspector General of Provincial Forces Captain Henry Rooke 3 Quartermaster General Department Sir William Erskine 494 Engineer's Department 138 Bridgemaster's Department 21 Royal Artillery Company of Conductors and Artificers 51 Surgeons etc. 19 Sick and attendants of general hospital 134 Provost Martial, guard, prisoners and criminals 57 Refugees 91 Women 318 Children 6

Artillery The artillery was divided between the two divisions.Lender & Stone 2016, pp. 467–468. Unit Commander Strength Notes Artillery Brigadier General James Pattison Royal Artillery 634 The British employed a mix of howitzers and 1.5-, 3-, 6-, 12- and 24-pounder guns.Lender & Stone 2016, p. 54. The New Jersey Volunteers comprised four companies of matrosses.Lender & Stone 2016, p. 468. Drivers 261 2nd Battalion, New Jersey Volunteers 129 Hessian Artillery 39 Anspach Artillery 34 Noncombatants Women 34 Number of women granted permission to accompany the army. Because many women who were supposed to have been transported from Philadelphia by sea chose to accompany the army overland, the actual number was greater. Children 3

American order of battle

General George Washington (est. 15,000–16,000)Morrissey (2008), 86. {Curly Brackets indicate Brigade/Regimental/Battalion Strength} Staff: Quartermaster General: Major General Nathanael Greene Inspector General: Major General: Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben Senior Artillery Officer: Brigadier General Henry Knox Senior Engineer Officer: Brigadier General Louis Lebègue Duportail Adjutant General: Colonel Alexander Scammell Commissary Generals: Colonels Jeremiah Wadsworth and Clement Biddle Judge Advocate General: Colonel John Laurance Military Secretary: Lieutenant Colonel Robert H. Harrison Assistant Secretary: James McHenry Aide-de-Camp: Lieutenant Colonels John Fitzgerald, Alexander Hamilton, John Laurens and Richard Kidder Meade Volunteer Aides-de-Camp: Brigadier Generals Joseph Reed and John Cadwalader

Vanguard

The vanguard was commanded by Major General Charles Lee and comprised approximately 4,540 troops.Lender & Stone 2016, pp. 451–453. Staff: Acting Adjutant General: Lieutenant Colonel John Brooks Aide-de-camp: Captains John Francis Mercer and Evan Edwards Senior Artillery Officer: Lieutenant Colonel Eleazer Oswald Deputy Inspector: Jean Baptiste Ternant Advisers: Brigadier General David Forman and Colonel Marquis François de Malmedy