Esmeralda–Yaruro or Takame–Jarúroan is a proposed connection between two unclassified languages or language isolates of Venezuela and Ecuador respectively: Pumé (Llaruro, Yaruro, Yuapín), with 6,000 speakers, and the extinct Esmeralda (Esmeraldeño, Takame). The proposal was first advanced in 1902.The Languages of the Andes (2004) They would be only distantly related, but Kaufman (1990) finds the connection convincing, and Campbell (2012) believes the connection is promising.
Vocabulary Below is a comparison of selected basic vocabulary items in Esmeralda and Pumé.
{| class="wikitable sortable" ! gloss !! EsmeraldaJijón y Caamaño, Jacinto. 1941. El Ecuador interandino y occidental antes de la conquista castellana, vol. 2. Quito: Editorial Ecuatoriana !! PuméMosonyi, Esteban Emilio and Jorge Ramón García. 2000. Yaruro (Pumé). In Mosonyi, Esteban Emilio and Jorge Carlos Mosonyi (eds.), Manual de Lenguas Indígenas de Venezuela, 544-593. Caracas: Fundación Bigott. |- ! hair | rarapo || kü̃́ |- ! eye | mula || dachó |- ! nose | ra-ausa (my) || ĩbupuȩ́ |- ! tooth | ra-ha, ra-ka || jõdȩ́ |- ! mouth | bassa || dyá |- ! hand | disa (my) || ichí |- ! foot | taha || tá |- ! blood | kar(k)a || gué |- ! bone | mu-kilsa || jú |- ! person | ilon || o̧ãĩ́ |- ! name | chinto || kẽ́ |- ! dog | kine || (a)oré |- ! fish | ki || chṍ |- ! tree | tá(k)te || tó |- ! leaf | rampide (?) || to pjü̃dá |- ! water | uivi, úvoi || uí |- ! fire | muka (with) || kjõdȩ́ |- ! earth | dó; dula || dabú |- ! road | dire || nṍ |- ! eat | enima || jurá |- ! die | ubale, ybale 'dead' || jãbó
References