Viceroy of Shaan-Gan

The Viceroy of Shaan-Gan, fully in Chinese as the Governor-General of Shaanxi, Gansu and Other Local Areas, in Charge of Military Affairs, Food and Wages, Tea and Horses and Governor Affairs, was one of eight regional Viceroys during the Qing dynasty. The Viceroy of Shaan-Gan had jurisdiction of military, civil, and political affairs over then Shaanxi Province and then Gansu Province.

Name

The name Shaan-Gan is derived by taking the first characters of the province names Shaanxi and Gansu.

History Ming dynasty The office of Viceroy of Shaan-Gan originated in the early Ming dynasty with the garrisoning of military forces in three towns along the northern border of Shaanxi Province. The three garrisons were called "Xunfu of Yansui" (延綏巡撫), "Xunfu of Ningxia" (寧夏巡撫) and "Xunfu of Gansu" (甘肅巡撫), respectively.

In 1497, when the Mongols of the Northern Yuan dynasty made intrusions across the border, the Hongzhi Emperor put Wang Yue (王越) in charge of coordinating military actions in Shaanxi, Yansui, Ningxia and Gansu.

In the early reign of the Zhengde Emperor (r. 1505–1521), the Mongols invaded Guyuan. The general Cao Xiong (曹雄) rejected external help from reinforcements. Yang Yiqing (楊一清) led lightly armed cavalry to launch a surprise attack on the Mongols and succeeded in driving them back. After this incident, Yang Yiqing realized that military operations in Yansui, Ningxia and Gansu had to be better coordinated, hence he urged the imperial court to appoint a viceroy to oversee the three areas. Liu Daxia (劉大夏) nominated Yang Yiqing for that position.

The office of the viceroy was created in 1525, during the reign of the Jiajing Emperor, under the name "tidu of military affairs" (提督軍務). The office was renamed to "zongzhi" (總制) in 1528, and to "zongdu" (總督) in 1540. The headquarters were located at Huamachi (花馬池; present-day Yanchi County, Ningxia).

Qing dynasty The office was recreated in 1645, during the reign of the Shunzhi Emperor, as "Viceroy of the Three Borders in Shaanxi" (陝西三邊總督), with the headquarters at Guyuan. In 1653, the Viceroy's jurisdiction expanded to include Sichuan Province, hence the office was renamed "Viceroy of (Si)Chuan and the Three Borders in Shaanxi" (川陝三邊總督). In 1656, the office was renamed "Viceroy of (Si)Chuan-Shaan(xi)" (川陝總督) and its headquarters were relocated to Hanzhong. In 1661, the office changed its name to "Viceroy of Shaanxi" (陝西總督) after Sichuan was removed from its jurisdiction.

In 1666, during the reign of the Kangxi Emperor, the Viceroy's jurisdiction expanded to include Shanxi Province, hence it was renamed "Viceroy of Shan(xi)-Shaan(xi)" (山陝總督), with its headquarters in Xi'an. Shanxi was removed in 1672, and Sichuan was added again in 1680.

In 1723, the Yongzheng Emperor ordered that all Viceroys who also held the position of Secretary of War (兵部尚書) would concurrently be appointed as Right Censor-in-Chief (右都御史) of the Detection Branch (都察院) in the Censorate. Those Viceroys who did not hold the position of Secretary of War would be concurrently appointed as Right Vice Secretary of War (兵部右侍郎) and Right Vice Censor-in-Chief (右副都御史). In 1725, Yue Zhongqi (岳鍾琪) became the first Han Chinese outside of the Han Military Eight Banners to become a Viceroy when he was appointed as Viceroy of Chuan-Shaan. In 1731, the office was renamed "Viceroy of Shaanxi" (陝西總督) and its jurisdiction covered Shaanxi and Gansu; a separate Viceroy of Sichuan was created for Sichuan.

In 1736, the Qianlong Emperor abolished the Viceroy of Sichuan and recreated the office of Viceroy of Chuan-Shaan. In 1748, he split the Viceroy of Chuan-Shaan into Viceroy of Sichuan and Viceroy of Shaan-Gan, but reversed the changes again in 1759 and established a separate Viceroy of Gansu, with its headquarters in Suzhou (肅州; present-day Suzhou District, Jiuquan, Gansu). In 1760, the Qianlong Emperor abolished the Viceroy of Gansu and restored the two offices of Viceroy of Sichuan and Viceroy of Shaan-Gan. The Viceroy of Shaan-Gan was headquartered in Lanzhou and concurrently held the appointment of a Provincial Governor.

In 1882, during the reign of the Guangxu Emperor, the newly established Xinjiang Province was included under the jurisdiction of the Viceroy of Shaan-Gan.

List of Viceroys of Shaan-Gan Ming dynasty # Name Portrait Start of term End of term Notes 1 Wang Yue王越 1474 1498 As "Zongzhi of Military Affairs at the Three Borders" (總制三邊軍務) in 1474, then "Zongzhi and Xunfu of Affairs in Gan, Liang and the Borders" (總制甘、涼邊務兼巡撫) from 1497 to 1498 2 Qin Hong秦紘 1501 1504 As "Zongzhi of Military Affairs at the Three Borders" (總制三邊軍務) 3 Li Yue李鉞 1522 1523 As "Zongzhi of Military Affairs in Shaanxi and the Three Borders" (總制陝西三邊軍務) 4 Yang Yiqing楊一清 1525 1525 5 Wang Xian王憲 1525 1528 As "Supervisor of Military Affairs in Shaanxi and the Three Borders" (督陝西三邊軍務) 6 Wang Qiong王瓊 1528 1532 7 Li Wen李汶 1535 8 Zeng Xian曾銑 1546 1548 As "Viceroy of Military Affairs in Shaanxi and the Three Borders" (總督陝西三邊軍務) 9 Gu Qizhi顧其志 1610 10 Huang Jiashan黃嘉善 11 Liu Minkuan劉敏寬 12 Zhang Heming張鶴鳴 13 Yang Yingping楊應聘 14 Qi Guangzong祁光宗 1615 As "Viceroy of Military Affairs in Gan, Liang and the Three Borders" (總督甘、涼三邊軍務) 15 Li Qiyuan李起元 As "Viceroy of Military Affairs in Shaanxi and the Three Borders" (總督陝西三邊軍務) 16 Wu Zhiwang武之望 1628 17 Yang He楊鶴 1629 18 Hong Chengchou洪承疇 1631 19 Zheng Chongjian鄭崇儉 1639 20 Ding Qirui丁啟睿 1640

Qing dynasty # Name Portrait Start of term End of term Notes Viceroy of Shaanxi and the Three Borders(1645–1653) 1 Wang Wenkui王文奎 1645 2 Meng Qiaofang孟喬芳 1645 1653 Viceroy of Chuan-Shaan and the Three Borders(1653–1656) 3 Meng Qiaofang孟喬芳 1653 1654 4 Jin Li金礪 1654 1656 Viceroy of Chuan-Shaan(1656–1661) 5 Jin Li金礪 1656 1656 6 Ma Zhixian馬之先 1656 1657 7 Li Guoying李國英 1657 1661 Viceroy of Shaanxi(1661–1666) 8 Bai Rumei白如梅 1661 1666 Viceroy of Shan-Shaan(1666–1672) 9 Bai Rumei白如梅 1666 1666 10 Lu Chongjun盧崇峻 1666 1667 11 Moluo莫洛 1668 1670 12 Luoduo羅多 1671 1672 13 Ošan鄂善 1672 1672 Viceroy of Shan-Shaan(excluding Shanxi)(1672–1680) 14 Ošan鄂善 1672 1673 15 Hajan哈占 1673 1680 Viceroy of Shan-Shaan(including Sichuan)(1680–1731) 16 Hajan哈占 1680 1683 17 Hife禧佛 1683 1686 18 Tuna圖納 1686 1688 19 Gesitai葛思泰 1688 1692 20 Foron佛倫 1692 1694 21 Wuhe吳赫 1694 1699 Silda席爾達 1699 1701 Acting Viceroy 22 Gioro-Huaxian覺羅華顯 1701 1704 23 Boji博霽 1704 1708 24 Cišiu齊世武 1708 1709 25 Yin Tai殷泰 1709 1713 26 Ehai鄂海 1713 1718 27 Nian Gengyao年羹堯 1719 1725 28 Yue Zhongqi岳鍾琪 1725 1729 Tulišen圖理琛 1725 1725 Acting Viceroy 29 Yue Zhongqi岳鍾琪 1729 1732 Jalangga查郎阿 1729 1731 Acting Viceroy Viceroy of Shaanxi(1731–1736) 30 Jalangga查郎阿 1731 1732 Liu Yuyi劉於義 1732 1735 Acting Viceroy Viceroy of Chuan-Shaan(1736–1748) 31 Jalangga查郎阿 1736 1738 Liu Yuyi劉於義 1736 1737 Acting Viceroy 32 Omida鄂彌達 1738 1740 33 Yengišan尹繼善 1740 1742 Martai馬爾泰 1742 1743 Acting Viceroy 34 Qingfu慶復 1743 1747 35 Zhang Guangsi張廣泗 1747 1748 Huang Tinggui黃廷桂 1747 Acting Viceroy Furdan傅爾丹 1748 Acting Viceroy Fuheng傅恆 1748 Acting Viceroy 36 Ts'ereng策楞 1748 Yengišan尹繼善 1748 Acting Viceroy Viceroy of Shaan-Gan(excluding Sichuan)(1748–1759) 37 Yengišan尹繼善 1748 1749 38 Hubao瑚寶 1749 1749 39 Yengišan尹繼善 1750 1751 40 Huang Tinggui黃廷桂 1751 1753 Yengišan尹繼善 1753 1753 Acting Viceroy 41 Yongchang永常 1753 1754 Liu Tongxun劉統勛 1754 1755 Acting Viceroy 42 Huang Tinggui黃廷桂 1755 1759 43 Wu Dashan吳達善 1759 1759 Viceroy of Shaan-Gan(1760–1911) 44 Yang Yingju楊應琚 1760 1766 Started his term as Viceroy of Gansu in 1759, then as Viceroy of Shaan-Gan from 1760 onwards 45 Wu Dashan吳達善 1766 1768 46 Mingshan明山 1769 1771 47 Wu Dashan吳達善 1771 1771 48 Wenshou文綬 1771 1772 49 Haiming海明 1772 1772 Lergiyen勒爾謹 1772 1772 Acting Viceroy 50 Lergiyen勒爾謹 1772 1776 Bi Yuan畢沅 1776 1776 Acting Viceroy 51 Lergiyen勒爾謹 1776 1781 52 Li Shiyao李侍堯 1781 1784 Bi Yuan畢沅 1783 1783 Acting Viceroy 53 Fuk'anggan福康安 1784 1787 Qinggui慶桂 1785 1785 Acting Viceroy Yongbao永保 1786 1786 Acting Viceroy Lebao勒保 1787 1787 Acting Viceroy 54 Lebao勒保 1788 1795 55 Yimian宜綿 1795 1796 Lu Youren陸有仁 1796 1797 Acting Viceroy Yingshan英善 1797 1797 Acting Viceroy 56 Yimian宜綿 1797 1799 Hengrui恆瑞 1799 1799 Acting Viceroy 57 Songyun松筠 1799 1800 58 Changlin長麟 1800 1801 59 Huiling惠齡 1801 1804 Nayancheng那彥成 1804 1804 Acting Viceroy 60 Wesibu倭什布 1804 1806 61 Quanbao全保 1806 1807 Fang Weidian方維甸 1806 1806 Acting Viceroy 62 Changling長齡 1807 1809 Cai Tingheng蔡廷衡 1807 1807 Acting Viceroy Hening和寧 1809 1809 63 Songyun松筠 1809 1809 64 Nayancheng那彥成 1810 1813 65 Changling長齡 1813 1814 66 Xianfu先福 1814 1817 Gao Qi高杞 1814 1814 Acting Viceroy Hening和寧 1817 1817 Acting Viceroy 67 Changling長齡 1817 1822 Zhu Xun朱勳 1821 1821 Acting Viceroy 68 Nayancheng那彥成 1822 1825 69 Changling長齡 1825 1825 Ošan鄂山 1825 1825 Acting Viceroy Yang Yuchun楊遇春 1825 1826 Acting Viceroy Ošan鄂山 1826 1826 Acting Viceroy 70 Yang Yuchun楊遇春 1827 1835 Ošan鄂山 1830 1830 Acting Viceroy 71 Hūsungge瑚松額 1835 1840 72 Nergingge訥爾經額 1840 1840 Hūsungge瑚松額 1840 1840 Acting Viceroy Enteheng'e恩特亨額 1840 1841 Acting Viceroy 73 Enteheng'e恩特亨額 1841 1842 74 Funiyang'a富呢揚阿 1842 1845 75 Huiji惠吉 1845 1845 Deng Tingzhen鄧廷楨 1845 1845 Acting Viceroy 76 Buyantai布彥泰 1845 1849 Lin Zexu林則徐 1845 1845 Acting Viceroy Yang Yizeng楊以增 1847 1847 Acting Viceroy Qishan琦善 1849 1849 Acting Viceroy 77 Qishan琦善 1849 1851 Saying'a薩迎阿 1851 1851 Acting Viceroy 78 Yutai裕泰 1851 1851 Šuhingga舒興阿 1851 1851 Acting Viceroy 79 Šuhingga舒興阿 1851 1853 Yi Tang易棠 1853 1853 Acting Viceroy 80 Yi Tang易棠 1854 1856 81 Yue Bin樂斌 1856 1860 Changji常績 1856 1856 Acting Viceroy Lin Yangzu林揚祖 1859 1860 Acting Viceroy Fuji福濟 1860 1860 Acting Viceroy 82 Yue Bin樂斌 1860 1861 83 Linkui麟魁 1862 1862 Shen Zhaolin沈兆霖 1862 1862 Acting Viceroy Enlin恩麟 1862 1862 Acting Viceroy 84 Xilin熙麟 1862 1864 85 Yang Yuebin楊岳斌 1864 1866 Duxing'a都興阿 1864 1864 Acting Viceroy Enlin恩麟 1864 1864 Acting Viceroy 85 Zuo Zongtang左宗棠 1866 1866 Mutushan穆圖善 1866 1866 Acting Viceroy 86 Mutushan穆圖善 1867 1869 87 Zuo Zongtang左宗棠 1869 1880 88 Yang Changjun楊昌濬 1880 1881 89 Zeng Guoquan曾國荃 1881 1881 90 Tan Zhonglin譚鍾麟 1881 1888 91 Yang Changjun楊昌濬 1888 1895 Tao Mo陶模 1895 1895 Acting Viceroy 92 Tao Mo陶模 1896 1899 Wei Guangtao魏光燾 1899 1899 Acting Viceroy 93 Wei Guangtao魏光燾 1900 1900 94 Songfan崧蕃 1900 1905 He Fukun何福堃 1900 1901 Acting Viceroy Li Tingxiao李廷簫 1900 1900 Acting Viceroy 95 Shengyun升允 1905 1909 96 Changgeng長庚 1909 1911

References