This is a list of quasiparticles and collective excitations used in condensed matter physics. List +Quasiparticles Quasiparticle Signification Underlying particlesAngulonUsed to describe the rotation of molecules in solvents. First postulated theoretically in 2015, the existence of the angulon was confirmed in February 2017, after a series of experiments spanning 20 years. Heavy and light species of molecules were found to rotate inside superfluid helium droplets, in good agreement with the angulon theory. Anyon A type of quasiparticle that occurs only in two-dimensional systems, with properties much less restricted than fermions and bosons. excitonBiexcitonA bound state of two free excitons Bion A bound state of solitons, named for Born–Infeld model soliton Bipolaron A bound pair of two polarons polaron Bogolon Broken Cooper pair electron, holeComposite fermionArise in a two-dimensional system subject to a large magnetic field, most famously those systems that exhibit the fractional quantum Hall effect.electron Configuron An elementary configurational excitation in an amorphous material which involves breaking of a chemical bond Cooper pair A bound pair of two electrons electronDirac electronElectrons in graphene behave as relativistic massless Dirac fermionselectron Dislon A localized collective excitation associated with a dislocation in crystalline solids.M. Li, Y. Tsurimaki, Q. Meng, N. Andrejevic, Y. Zhu, G. D. Mahan, and G. Chen, "Theory of electron-phonon-dislon interacting system – toward a quantized theory of dislocations", New J. Phys. (2017) http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1367-2630/aaa383/meta It emerges from the quantization of the lattice displacement field of a classical dislocationDoublonPaired electrons in the same lattice siteelectrons Dropleton The first known quasiparticle that behaves like a liquidDuonQuasiparticle made of two particles coupled by hydrodynamic forces. These classical quasiparticles were observed as the elementary excitations in a 2D colloidal crystal driven by viscous flow. Electron quasiparticle An electron as affected by the other forces and interactions in the solid electron Electron hole (hole) A lack of electron in a valence band crystal lattice Exciton A bound state of an electron and a hole (See also: biexciton) electron, holeExciton-polaritonA bound state of an exciton and a photon.photon, exciton Ferron A quasiparticle that carries heat and polarization, akin to phonon and magnons. Fracton A collective quantized vibration on a substrate with a fractal structure. Fracton (subdimensional particle) An emergent quasiparticle excitation that is immobile when in isolation.Helical Dirac fermionDirac electron with spin locked to its translational momentum.Dirac electron Holon (chargon) A quasi-particle resulting from electron spin-charge separationelectronHopfionA topological soliton. 3D counterpart of 2D magnetic skyrmion. Intersubband polaritonDipolar allowed optical excitations between the quantized electronic energy levels within the conduction band of semiconductor heterostructures.photon Leviton A collective excitation of a single electron within a metalMagnetic monopoleArise in condensed matter systems such as spin ice and carry an effective magnetic charge as well as being endowed with other typical quasiparticle properties such as an effective mass.Magnetic skyrmionStatically stable solitons which appear in magnetic materials. In 3D these are sometimes called hopfions. Magnon A coherent excitation of electron spins in a material Majorana fermion A quasiparticle equal to its own antiparticle, emerging as a midgap state in certain superconductors Nematicon A soliton in nematic liquid-crystal media Orbiton A quasiparticle resulting from electron spin–orbital separation Oscillon A soliton-like single wave in vibrating mediaPines' demon Collective excitation of electrons which corresponds to electrons in different energy bands moving out of phase with each other. Named after David Pineselectrons Phason Vibrational modes in a quasicrystal associated with atomic rearrangementscrystal lattice Phoniton A theoretical quasiparticle which is a hybridization of a localized, long-living phonon and a matter excitation phonon Phonon Vibrational modes in a crystal lattice associated with atomic shiftscrystal latticePhonon polaritonA coupling between phonon and photons.optical phonon, photonPlasmaritonCoupled optical phonon and dressed photon consisting of a plasmon and photon.plasmon, photon Plasmaron A quasiparticle emerging from the coupling between a plasmon and a holeplasmon, hole Plasmon A coherent excitation of a plasmaelectronPlexcitonCoupling plasmons with excitons Polaron A moving charged quasiparticle that is surrounded by ions in a material electron, phonon Polariton A mixture of photon with other quasiparticles photon, optical phononRelaxonA collective phonon excitationPhononRydberg polaronPolarons in ensembles of Rydberg atoms and Bose–Einstein condensates.Rydberg atom Roton Collective excitation associated with the rotation of a fluid (often a superfluid). It is a quantum of a vortex.Semi-Dirac electronParticle with zero mass gap in one direction of space.electronSurface magnon polaritonCoupling between spin waves and electromagnetic waves.magnon, photonSurface phononVibrational modes in a crystal lattice associated with atomic shifts at the surface.Surface plasmonA coherent excitation of a plasma at the surface of a metal.Surface plasmon polaritonCoupling between surface plasmons and electromagnetic waves.Surface plasmon, photon Soliton A self-reinforcing solitary excitation wave Spinon A quasiparticle produced as a result of electron spin–charge separation that can form both quantum spin liquid and strongly correlated quantum spin liquidTI-polaronTranslational invariant polaronpolaron Trion A coherent excitation of three quasiparticles (two holes and one electron or two electrons and one hole)electron, hole Triplon A quasiparticle formed from electrons with triplet state pairing electron Wrinklon A localized excitation corresponding to wrinkles in a constrained two dimensional system Weyl electrons In Weyl semimetals, electrons behave as massless, following the Weyl equation.electron
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it:Quasiparticella#Lista delle quasiparticelle