Lieutenant-General Sir John Vaughan ( 1731 – 30 June 1795) was a British Army officer and politician. During the American War of Independence he served in both North America and the West Indies.
Early life
Vaughan was the second son of the 3rd Viscount Lisburne. He began his military career as an officer in the 9th Regiment of Marines, being commissioned as a second lieutenant in 1746;R. H., "Vaughan, John (1748?–1795)", in Sidney Lee (ed.), Dictionary of National Biography, vol. 58 (London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1885–1900). he transferred to the 10th Regiment of Dragoons as a cornet in 1748, and was promoted to lieutenant in 1751, captain-lieutenant in 1754, and major in 1759.
In 1760, he became a lieutenant colonel in the 94th Regiment of Foot, and he held the same rank in the 16th Regiment of Foot from 1762.R. H., "Vaughan, John (1748?–1795)", Dictionary of National Biography. He served in both Germany and North America during the Seven Years' War, leading a division of grenadiers with distinction at the capture of Martinique.Jameson, J. Franklin (1903). "St. Eustatius in the American Revolution". The American Historical Review. 8 (4): 684. In 1772, he was promoted to colonel, and from 1775 until his death he served as colonel of the 46th Regiment of Foot.
Member of Parliament
Vaughan entered the British Parliament in 1774 as member for Berwick-upon-Tweed, holding the seat for the remaining twenty years of his life. From 1776 to 1783, he was also a member of the Irish Parliament. There he represented St Johnstown (County Longford). He was appointed Governor of Fort William in 1779 and then, in 1780, as Governor of Berwick, also holding this post until his death, although it did not interfere with his active military career.
Vaughan was a reliable supporter of the government when in the House of Commons of Great Britain, until the end of the American War of Independence. At the 1780 election the government's election managers considered trying to replace him temporarily as Berwick's MP by someone who would be able to attend and vote, but the borough's patrons would have none of it and he was returned unopposed.
American War of Independence
Following the outbreak of the American War of Independence, Vaughan by now at the rank of major general, returned to North America, serving from 1776 until 1779. He led grenadiers at the Battle of Long Island and was wounded in the thigh.Jameson, J. Franklin (1903). "St. Eustatius in the American Revolution". The American Historical Review. 8 (4): 685. Vaughan commanded a column at the Battle of Short Hills in July 1777,Jameson, J. Franklin (1903). "St. Eustatius in the American Revolution". The American Historical Review. 8 (4): 686. and also commanded a column during the Battle of Forts Clinton and Montgomery, where his horse was killed under him.Jameson, J. Franklin (1903). "St. Eustatius in the American Revolution". The American Historical Review. 8 (4): 687. In 1779, he returned to England and was immediately appointed Commander-in-Chief in the Leeward Islands.
Fourth Anglo-Dutch War Vaughan served in the West Indies from 1779 until 1782, taking a leading part in Rodney's Capture of St Eustatius in 1781,Jameson, J. Franklin (1903). "St. Eustatius in the American Revolution". The American Historical Review. 8 (4): 683–708. a successful campaign aimed at neutralizing the Dutch port used to store and ship supplies to the American colonists during their Revolutionary War."Capture of Sint Eustatius". Wikipedia. Retrieved DATE.
Later in the year he was accused of embezzling the property confiscated at Sint Eustatius, and was forced to defend himself against Edmund Burke's attack in Parliament, stating that he had not profited by a shilling and had always acted in the national interest.Jameson, J. Franklin (1903). "St. Eustatius in the American Revolution". The American Historical Review. 8 (4): 700–706. He was promoted to lieutenant-general in 1782.Jameson, 1903, pp. 683–708
Later life In 1792, he was appointed a Knight of the Bath (KB). In 1795, he was again assigned to command in the Leeward Islands, but died later that year at Martinique.R. H., “Vaughan, John (1748?–1795)”, *Dictionary of National Biography*, 1885-1900, vol. 58.“Vaughan, John (c. 1731-1795)”, *Encyclopedia of the American Revolution: Library of Military History*, via Encyclopedia.com. Just before Vaughan’s death he sanctioned the first iterations of the West India Regiments, founded using hired slave soldiers.
References
Sources
Robert Beatson, A Chronological Register of Both Houses of Parliament (London: Longman, Hurst, Res & Orme, 1807)