Penthesilea was an Amazonian queen in Greek mythology.

Penthesilea may also refer to:

271 Penthesilea, a large main belt asteroid Penthesilea (Kleist), a tragedy by Heinrich von Kleist Penthesilea (opera), a one-act opera by Othmar Schoeck Penthesilea (moth), a genus of moths Penthesilea (fly), a genus of fly, now in the genus Criorhina Penthesilea Painter, a Greek vase painter