is a 1989 Japanese animated fantasy film written, produced, and directed by Hayao Miyazaki, based on Eiko Kadono's 1985 novel Kiki's Delivery Service. Animated by Studio Ghibli, the film stars Minami Takayama, Rei Sakuma, Kappei Yamaguchi, and Keiko Toda. The story follows Kiki (Takayama), a young witch who moves to the port city of Koriko with her cat Jiji (Sakuma) and starts a flying courier service.
In 1987, Group Fudosha asked Kadono's publishers for the rights to the novel to be made into a film by either Miyazaki or Isao Takahata. Production began near the release of My Neighbor Totoro (1988). Miyazaki initially worked as producer, but took over directing from Sunao Katabuchi as he became more involved in the project. As the novel is based on a fictional northern European country, Miyazaki and his team traveled to locations such as Visby, Sweden, to research its landscape. Miyazaki altered the story, adding new scenes to emphasize the theme of independence and growing up. According to Miyazaki, the film portrays the gulf between independence and reliance among teenage Japanese girls.Nausicaa.net The Hayao MIYAZAKI Web. The Hopes and Spirit of Contemporary Japanese Girls By Hayao Miyazaki 1989. Retrieved on January 5, 2007.
Kiki's Delivery Service was released in Japan on July 29, 1989, by Toei. It was the first Studio Ghibli film to be successful on initial release, grossing a total of ¥4.3 billion ($31 million). It received critical acclaim and multiple awards.
An English dub was produced by Streamline Pictures for Japan Airlines international flights in 1989. The Walt Disney Studios produced an English dub in 1997, which became the first film under a deal between Tokuma and Disney to be released in English. It was released to home media in 1998.
Plot
In a world where witches exist alongside non-magical humans, 13-year-old Kiki decides to go out on her own, which all young witches must do when they turn 13. She leaves with her familiar, a talking black cat named Jiji, and her mother's old, reliable broomstick. Kiki flies off into the cloudless night when the moon is full, searching for a new town for settlement. She encounters another witch and her cat whom she finds pretentious, but they cause Kiki to wonder what her special "skill" is. Kiki finds the town of Koriko and accidentally flies through traffic, causing disruptions. She is approached by a policeman, but a boy named Tombo helps her escape.
Kiki looks for a place to live and work in her new town. She finds the Gutiokipanja bakery, owned by Osono and her husband, Fukuo, who are expecting a child. Osono invites her to live in a room above the bakery. Kiki opens a business delivering goods by broomstick, known as the "Witch Delivery Service". Her first delivery is of a small stuffed toy of a black cat that resembles Jiji, as a birthday gift for Osono's neighbor's nephew Ket. Along the way, she is caught in the wind and ends up in a forest filled with crows, which attack her, causing her to lose the toy. They come up with a plan in which Jiji pretends to be the toy for Ket until Kiki can retrieve the real one. She finds it in the log cabin of a young painter with crows, Ursula, who repairs and returns it. With the help of Ket's dog Jeff, Kiki successfully retrieves Jiji and replaces him with the stuffed cat.
The next day, Tombo gives her an invitation to visit his aviation club. However, she gets busy with her deliveries, and gets caught in a thunderstorm on her way back. Drenched from the rain, she decides not to go. She then falls ill, but Osono cares for her until she recovers. Osono secretly arranges for Kiki to see Tombo again by assigning her a delivery addressed to him. Kiki apologizes for missing the party, and Tombo takes her for a test ride on the flying machine he is working on, fashioned from a bicycle. Kiki warms up to him, but is once again disgusted by Tombo's friends.
Kiki becomes depressed and discovers she can no longer understand Jiji. She has also lost her flying ability and is forced to suspend her delivery business. Ursula then visits Kiki and invites her go to her cabin. She agrees, and the two spend time together there. Ursula determines that Kiki's crisis is a form of artist's block, and then advises her to find a new purpose, so that she can regain her powers.
While visiting a former customer's house, Kiki witnesses an airship accident on television. Tombo is seen trying to help tie the dirigible to the ground, but a gust of wind pushes the aircraft away with him clinging to the rope. Kiki rushes to the scene and asks to borrow a broom from a local shop-owner. She regains her flying power and manages to rescue Tombo after the airship crashes into the city's clock tower. With her confidence restored, she resumes her delivery service, and writes a letter home saying that she and Jiji are happy.
Voice cast Character nameVoice actorEnglishJapaneseJapaneseEnglish Streamline Pictures/Tokuma/Quality Sound Studios(1989) Disney/Buena Vista/Screenmusic Studios(1998) Kiki Minami Takayama Lisa Michelson Kirsten Dunst Jiji Rei Sakuma Kerrigan Mahan Phil Hartman Osono Keiko TodaAlexandra Kenworthy Tress MacNeille Ursula Minami Takayama Edie Mirman Janeane Garofalo Tombo Kappei Yamaguchi Eddie Frierson Matthew Lawrence Fukuo (Osono's husband) Koichi Yamadera Greg Snegoff John Hostetter Kokiri (Kiki's mother) Mieko NobusawaBarbara Goodson Kath Soucie Okino (Kiki's father) Kōichi Miura John Dantona Jeff Bennett Madame Haruko Kato Melanie MacQueen Debbie Reynolds Barsa Hiroko Seki Edie Mirman Edie McClurg Senior Witch Yūko Kobayashi Wendee Lee Debi Derryberry Madame's Granddaughter Keiko Kagimoto Sherry Lynn Ket Yuriko Fuchizaki Lara Cody Pamela Adlon Maki (Ket's aunt) Kikuko Inoue Julia Fletcher Ket's mother Mika Doi Diane Michelle Ket's father Takaya Hashi Steve Kramer John DeMita Ket's grandmother Yoshiko Asai Mike Reynolds Julia Fletcher Miss Dora Shō Saito Diane Michelle Fay Dewitt Truck Driver Michihiro Ikemizu Corey Burton Hotel Receptionist Shinpachi Tsuji Doug Stone Matt K. Miller Policeman Koichi Yamadera Steve Kramer Radio Announcer Carl Macek Corey Burton Man with Push Broom Takashi Taguchi Steve Kramer Jeff Bennett Dirigible Captain Akio Ōtsuka Dave Mallow John Hostetter Clock Tower Caretaker Tomomichi Nishimura Greg Snegoff Lewis Arquette Baby Chika Sakamoto colspan="2" Friends Yūko TsugaYoshiko Kamei Lara CodyBarbara Goodson rowspan="2" Old Lady Hiroko Maruyama Melanie MacQueen Boy colspan="2" Tombo's Friends rowspan="2" Dave MallowDiane MichelleLara Cody rowspan="2" Hometown Adults Mike ReynoldsWendee Lee
Themes and analysis
A major theme of the film is maturity. After leaving her parents who are supportive of her independence, Kiki has to face problems common to adolescence such as finding a job, seeking acceptance, and taking care of herself. According to Helen McCarthy, the "vibrant" Stockholm-inspired city gives a sense of safety as well as independence. The concept of vulnerability is also examined closely in the film. Critic Mark Schilling notes a scene during Kiki's first night away from home where Kiki rushes back to her room and slams the door behind her to avoid being spotted by Fukuo. Fukuo, however, steps outside simply to stretch his arms, and Kiki's shy behavior "expresses [her] youth, vulnerability, and isolation."
Another theme is the transition from traditional to contemporary. Kiki is shown to balance both of these qualities. For instance, Kiki observes the tradition of witches wearing dark-colored clothes, but adorns her hair with a bright red bow. Kiki also engages in other traditional methods, such as baking with a wood-burning stove and flying her mother's old broom.
Kiki's loss of her witch powers is considered the worst crisis she has to face during the film. Her loss of flight reflects the harm dealt to Kiki by her own self-doubts. Petrana Radulovic also suggests that Jiji's bond with Kiki represents the experiences she had as a child, and that once Kiki loses her powers to talk to Jiji, she becomes more lonely. Jiji had served as the wiser voice (imaginary companion) to Kiki, and she stopped being able to understand him the moment she struggles with self-doubt. According to Miyazaki himself, Jiji is meant to represent the immature side of Kiki, and her inability to talk to Jiji represents her newfound maturity at the end of the movie.
In relation to Kiki's portrayal as a witch, some have drawn comparisons to historical or contemporary views on witches and witchcraft. The film incorporates some conventions from fairy-tales such as a black cat companion for Kiki, Kiki's use of a broom for flight, and her black dress. While girls with magical powers are common in Japanese television, Miyazaki wanted to stray away from the various stereotypes generated from these shows, remarking that witchcraft "has always merely been the means to fulfill the dreams of young girls."
Kiki has also been compared to other characters in Miyazaki's films. While there are overt differences in demeanor between Kiki and San from Princess Mononoke, a character who is motivated by anger, both characters take control over their own lives. This theme of remarkable independence is also seen in Miyazaki's earlier works, such as in Nausicaä in Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind. Kiki is also compared to Chihiro of Spirited Away as they are both young girls attempting to seek independence without being rebellious. Both Chihiro and Kiki develop their independence with the help of their friends.
Production
In 1987, Group Fudosha asked Kadono's publishers for the rights to adapt Kadono's novel into a feature film directed by either Hayao Miyazaki or Isao Takahata of Studio Ghibli. However, both of the chosen directors were busy, working on My Neighbor Totoro and Grave of the Fireflies respectively.Nausicaa.net My Neighbor Totoro Frequently Asked Questions. "I heard that it was double-featured with 'Grave of the Fireflies' in Japan. Is this true?" Retrieved on January 5, 2007. Miyazaki accepted the role of producer while the studio continued to search for a director. Near the end of Totoros production, members of Studio Ghibli were being recruited as senior staff for Kiki's Delivery Service. The character design position was given to Katsuya Kondo, who was working with Miyazaki on Totoro. Hiroshi Ohno, who would later work on projects such as Jin-Roh, was hired as art director at the request of Kazuo Oga.
Miyazaki chose Sunao Katabuchi as director. Katabuchi had worked with Miyazaki on Sherlock Hound; Kiki's Delivery Service was to have been his directorial debut. Studio Ghibli hired Nobuyuki Isshiki as script writer, but Miyazaki was dissatisfied by the first draft, finding it dry and too divergent from his own vision of the film. Although the novel is set in a fictional northern European country, Miyazaki did not originally travel to Sweden for research. Instead, he had previously visited locations such as Visby and Stockholm while attempting to secure the rights for an animated adaptation of Pippi Longstocking. After being denied a meeting with Astrid Lindgren, he later used reference photos from that trip as inspiration for the film's setting. La forêt des Oomus Kiki, la petite sorcière Koriko. Retrieved on January 5, 2007. The architecture of Koriko is also based on the design of buildings from other cities such as Amsterdam, Paris, and San Francisco.