Standard electrode potential (data page)

The data below tabulates standard electrode potentials (E), in volts relative to the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE), at: Temperature ; Effective concentration (activity) for each aqueous or amalgamated (mercury-alloyed) species; Unit activity for each solvent and pure solid or liquid species; and Absolute partial pressure for each gaseous reagent — the convention in most literature data but not the current standard state (). Variations from these ideal conditions affect measured voltage via the Nernst equation.

Table of standard electrode potentials

Legend: (s) – solid; (l) – liquid; (g) – gas; (aq) – aqueous (default for all charged species); (Hg) – amalgam; bold – water electrolysis equations.

Element Half-reaction E/VElectronstransferredReference Oxidant ⇌ ReductantSr + e–⇌ Sr(s) −4.1011 Ca + e–⇌ Ca(s) −3.81 Th + e–⇌ −3.61<ref name=Greenwood1263>Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 1263</ref> Pr + e–⇌ −3.11Estimated N 3 (g) + 2 + 2 e–⇌ 2 (aq) −3.092 Li + e–⇌ Li(s) −3.04011 N (g) + 4 + 2 e–⇌ 2 (aq) + 2 −3.042 Cs + e–⇌ Cs(s) −3.0261 Ca + 2 e–⇌ Ca(s) + 2 −3.022 Er + e–⇌ −31 Ba + 2 e–⇌ Ba(s) + 2 −2.992 Rb + e–⇌ Rb(s) −2.981 K + e–⇌ K(s) −2.9311 Ba + 2 e–⇌ Ba(s) −2.9122 La (s) + 3 e–⇌ La(s) + 3 −2.93 Fr + e–⇌ Fr(s) −2.91 Sr + 2 e–⇌ Sr(s) −2.8992 Sr + 2 e–⇌ Sr(s) + 2 −2.882 Ca + 2 e–⇌ Ca(s) −2.8682 Li + (s) + e–⇌ (s) −2.841 Eu + 2 e–⇌ Eu(s) −2.8122 Ra + 2 e–⇌ Ra(s) −2.82 Ho + e–⇌ Ho −2.81 Bk + e–⇌ −2.81 Yb + 2 e–⇌ Yb(s) −2.762 Na + e–⇌ Na(s) −2.711 Mg + e–⇌ Mg(s) −2.71 Nd + e–⇌ −2.71 Mg + 2 e–⇌ Mg(s) + 2 −2.692 Sm + 2 e–⇌ Sm(s) −2.682 Be + 3 + 4 e–⇌ 2 Be(s) + 6 −2.634 Pm + e–⇌ −2.61 Dy + e–⇌ −2.61 No + 2 e–⇌ No(s) −2.52 Hf + + 4 e–⇌ Hf(s) + 4 −2.54 Th + 4 e–⇌ Th(s) + 4 −2.484 Md + 2 e–⇌ Md(s) −2.42 Tm + 2 e–⇌ Tm(s) −2.42 La + 3 e–⇌ La(s) −2.3793 Y + 3 e–⇌ Y(s) −2.3723 Mg + 2 e–⇌ Mg(s) −2.3722 Sc (aq) + 3 + 3 e– ⇌ Sc(s) + 3 HF(aq) −2.37 3 Zr (s) + + 4 e–⇌ Zr(s) + 4 −2.364 Pr + 3 e–⇌ Pr(s) −2.3533 Ce + 3 e–⇌ Ce(s) −2.3363 Er + 3 e–⇌ Er(s) −2.3313 Ho + 3 e–⇌ Ho(s) −2.333 Al + + 3 e–⇌ Al(s) + 4 −2.333 Nd + 3 e–⇌ Nd(s) −2.3233 Tm + 3 e–⇌ Tm(s) −2.3193 Al (s) + 3 e–⇌ Al(s) + 3 −2.313 Sm + 3 e–⇌ Sm(s) −2.3043 Fm + 2 e–⇌ Fm(s) −2.32 Am + e–⇌ −2.31 Dy + 3 e–⇌ Dy(s) −2.2953 Lu + 3 e–⇌ Lu(s) −2.283 Sc + 2 + 3 e– ⇌ Sc(s) + 2 HF(l) −2.28 3 Tb + 3 e–⇌ Tb(s) −2.283 Gd + 3 e–⇌ Gd(s) −2.2793 H (g) + 2 e–⇌ 2 −2.232 Es + 2 e–⇌ Es(s) −2.232 Pm + 2 e–⇌ Pm(s) −2.22 Tm + e–⇌ Tm −2.21 Dy + 2 e–⇌ Dy(s) −2.22 Ac + 3 e–⇌ Ac(s) −2.23 Yb + 3 e–⇌ Yb(s) −2.193 Cf + 2 e–⇌ Cf(s) −2.122 Nd + 2 e–⇌ Nd(s) −2.12 Ho + 2 e–⇌ Ho(s) −2.12 Sc + 3 e–⇌ Sc(s) −2.0773David R. Lide, ed., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Internet Version 2005, http://www.hbcpnetbase.com , CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2005. Al + 3 e–⇌ Al(s) + 6 −2.0693 Cm + 3 e–⇌ Cm(s) −2.043 Pu + 3 e–⇌ Pu(s) −2.0313 Pr + 2 e–⇌ Pr(s) −22 Er + 2 e–⇌ Er(s) −22 Eu + 3 e–⇌ Eu(s) −1.9913 Lr + 3 e–⇌ Lr(s) −1.963 Cf + 3 e–⇌ Cf(s) −1.943 Es + 3 e–⇌ Es(s) −1.913 Pa + e–⇌ −1.91 Am + 2 e–⇌ Am(s) −1.92 Th + 4 e–⇌ Th(s) −1.8994 Fm + 3 e–⇌ Fm(s) −1.893 N (g) + 2 + 4 + 2 e– ⇌ 2 −1.87 2 Np + 3 e–⇌ Np(s) −1.8563 Be + 2 e–⇌ Be(s) −1.8472 P + e–⇌ P(s) + 2 −1.821 U + 3 e–⇌ U(s) −1.7983 Sr + 2 e–⇌ Sr(Hg) −1.7932 B + + 3 e–⇌ B(s) + 4 −1.793 Th + 4 + 4 e–⇌ Th(s) + 2 −1.7894 Hf + 2 + 4 e–⇌ Hf(s) + −1.7244 P + 2 + 3 e–⇌ P(s) + 5 −1.713 Si + 3 + 4 e–⇌ Si(s) + 6 −1.6974 Al + 3 e–⇌ Al(s) −1.6623 Ti + 2 e–⇌ Ti(s) −1.632 Zr (s) + 4 + 4 e–⇌ Zr(s) + 2 −1.5534 Zr + 4 e–⇌ Zr(s) −1.454 Ti + 3 e–⇌ Ti(s) −1.373 Ti TiO(s) + 2 + 2 e–⇌ Ti(s) + −1.312 B + 4 + 8 e– ⇌ + 8 −1.24 8 Ti (s) + 2 + 2 e–⇌ 2 TiO(s) + −1.232 Ga + 3 e– ⇌ Ga(s) + 3 −1.22 3 Zn + 2 e–⇌ Zn(s) + 4 −1.1992 Mn + 2 e–⇌ Mn(s) −1.1852 Fe + 6 + 2 e–⇌ Fe(s) + 6 HCN(aq) −1.162 C C(s) + 3 + 2 e– ⇌ (l) + 2 −1.148 2 Cr + e– ⇌ −1.143 1 Te Te(s) + 2 e–⇌ −1.1432 V + 2 e–⇌ V(s) −1.132 Nb + 3 e–⇌ Nb(s) −1.0993 Sn Sn(s) + 4 + 4 e–⇌ (g) −1.074 Po Po(s) + 2 e–⇌ −1.0212 Cr + e– ⇌ −0.99 1 P 2 (aq) + 2 + 2 e– ⇌ (aq) + −0.933 2 C + 3 + 2 e– ⇌ + −0.93 2 Ti + 2 + 4 e–⇌ Ti(s) + −0.934 Si (quartz) + 4 + 4 e–⇌ Si(s) + 2 −0.9094 Cr + 2 e– ⇌ Cr(s) −0.9 2 B (aq) + 3 + 3 e–⇌ B(s) + 3 −0.893 Fe (s) + 2 e–⇌ Fe(s) + 2 −0.892 Fe (s) + 3 + 2 e–⇌ 2 (s) + 2 −0.862 H 2 + 2 e–⇌ (g) + 2 −0.82772 Bi Bi(s) + 3 + 3 e–⇌ −0.83 Zn + 2 e–⇌ Zn(Hg) −0.76282 Zn + 2 e–⇌ Zn(s) −0.76182 Ta(s) + 10 + 10 e–⇌ 2 Ta(s) + 5 −0.7510 Cr + 3 e–⇌ Cr(s) −0.743 Te 2 Te(s) + 2 e– ⇌ −0.74 2 Ni (s) + 2 e–⇌ Ni(s) + 2 −0.722 Nb (s) + 10 + 10 e– ⇌ 2 Nb(s) + 5 −0.7 10 Ag (s) + 2 e–⇌ 2 Ag(s) + −0.692 Te + 4 + 2 e– ⇌ 2 (g) −0.64 2 Sb + 3 e– ⇌ Sb(s) + 4 −0.639 3 Au + e–⇌ Au(s) + 2 −0.61 Ta + 3 e–⇌ Ta(s) −0.63 Pb PbO(s) + + 2 e–⇌ Pb(s) + 2 −0.5802 Ti 2 (s) + 2 + 2 e–⇌ (s) + −0.562 Ga + 3 e–⇌ Ga(s) −0.5493 U + e–⇌ −0.521 P (aq) + + e–⇌ P(white) + 2 −0.5081 P (aq) + 2 + 2 e–⇌ (aq) + −0.4992Ni (s) + 2 + 2 e–⇌ (s) + 2 −0.492 Sb + 2 e– ⇌ + 2 −0.465 2 P (aq) + 3 + 3 e–⇌ P(red) + 3 −0.4543 Bi (s) + 3 + 6 e– ⇌ Bi(s) + 6 −0.452 6 Ta + 7 + 5 e– ⇌ Ta(s) + 7 HF(l) −0.45 5 In + 2 e– ⇌ −0.444 2 Cu + e–⇌ Cu(s) + 2 −0.441 Fe + 2 e–⇌ Fe(s) −0.442 C 2 (g) + 2 + 2 e–⇌ HOOCCOOH(aq) −0.432 Cr + e–⇌ −0.4071 Cd + 2 e–⇌ Cd(s) −0.42 Ti + e– ⇌ −0.37 1 Cu (s) + + 2 e–⇌ 2 Cu(s) + 2 −0.362 Pb (s) + 2 e–⇌ Pb(s) + −0.35882 Pb (s) + 2 e–⇌ Pb(Hg) + −0.35052 Eu + e–⇌ −0.351 In + 3 e–⇌ In(s) −0.343 Tl + e–⇌ Tl(s) −0.341 Ge Ge(s) + 4 + 4 e–⇌ (g) −0.294 Co + 2 e–⇌ Co(s) −0.282 P (aq) + 2 + 2 e–⇌ (aq) + −0.2762 N (g) + 8 + 6 e– ⇌ 2 0.27 6 V + e–⇌ −0.261 Ni + 2 e–⇌ Ni(s) −0.2572 S 2 + 2 + 2 e– ⇌ + 2 −0.253 2 As As(s) + 3 + 3 e–⇌ (g) −0.233 N (g) + 5 + 4 e– ⇌ −0.23 4 Ga + e–⇌ Ga(s) −0.21 Ag AgI(s) + e–⇌ Ag(s) + −0.152241 Ge (s) + 4 + 4 e– ⇌ Ge(s) + 2 −0.15 4 Mo (s) + 4 + 4 e–⇌ Mo(s) + 2 −0.154 Si Si(s) + 4 + 4 e–⇌ (g) −0.144 Sn ⇌ Sn(s) −0.132 O ⇌ (aq) −0.131 In ⇌ In(s) −0.126 1 Pb + 2 e–⇌ Pb(s) −0.1262 W (s) + 4 + 4 e–⇌ W(s) + 2 −0.124 Ge (s) + 2 + 2 e–⇌ GeO(s) + −0.1182 P P(red) + 3 + 3 e–⇌ (g) −0.1113 C (g) + 2 + 2 e–⇌ HCOOH(aq) −0.112 Se Se(s) + 2 + 2 e–⇌ (g) −0.112 C (g) + 2 + 2 e–⇌ CO(g) + −0.112 Sn α-SnO(s) + 2 + 2 e– ⇌ Sn(s) + −0.104 2 Cu + e–⇌Cu(s) + 2 (aq) −0.11 Nb (s) + 10 + 4 e– ⇌ 2 + 5 −0.1 4 W (aq) + 6 + 6 e–⇌ W(s) + 3 −0.096 Sn (s) + 2 + 2 e–⇌ α-SnO(s) + −0.0882 Fe (s) + 8 + 8 e–⇌ 3 Fe(s) + 4 −0.0858 V + + e– ⇌ + −0.082 1 P P(white) + 3 + 3 e–⇌ (g) −0.0633 N (g) + + 6 + 4 e– ⇌ 2 −0.05 4 Fe + 3 e–⇌ Fe(s) −0.043 C HCOOH(aq) + 2 + 2 e–⇌ HCHO(aq) + −0.0342 H 2 + 2 e–⇌ (g) 02 Ag AgBr(s) + e–⇌ Ag(s) + 0.071331 S + 2 e–⇌ 2 0.082 N (g) + 2 + 6 + 6 e–⇌ 2 (aq) 0.0926 Hg HgO(s) + + 2 e–⇌ Hg(l) + 2 0.09772 Cu + e–⇌ + 2 (aq) 0.11 Ru + e–⇌ 0.11 N (aq) + 4 + 2 e–⇌ 2 + 4 0.112 Mo (aq) + 6 + 6 e–⇌ Mo(s) + 4 0.116 Ge + 4 e–⇌ Ge(s) 0.124 C C(s) + 4 + 4 e–⇌ (g) 0.134 C HCHO(aq) + 2 + 2 e–⇌ (aq) 0.132 S S(s) + 2 + 2 e–⇌ (g) 0.1442 Sb (s) + 6 + 6 e– ⇌ 2 Sb(s) + 3 0.15 6 Sn + 2 e–⇌ 0.1512 S + 3 + 2 e–⇌ (aq) + 2 0.1582 Cu + e–⇌ 0.1591 U + e–⇌ 0.1631 S + 4 + 2 e–⇌ (aq) + 2 0.172 Ti + 2 + e–⇌ + 0.191 Sb + 2 + 3 e–⇌ Sb(s) + 0.23 Fe 3 (s) + 2 + 2 e–⇌ 2 (s) + 0.222 Ag AgCl(s) + e–⇌ Ag(s) + 0.222331 As (aq) + 3 + 3 e–⇌ As(s) + 3 0.243 Ru + e–⇌ 0.2491 Pb (s) + + 2 e– ⇌ α-(s) + 2 0.254 2 Ge GeO(s) + 2 + 2 e–⇌ Ge(s) + 0.262 Hg (s) + 2 e– ⇌ 2 Hg(l) + 2 0.27 2 U + 4 + e–⇌ + 2 0.2731 At At + e–⇌ 0.31 Bi + 3 e–⇌ Bi(s) 0.3083 C 2 HCNO + 2 + 2 e–⇌ + 2 0.3302 Cu + 2 e–⇌ Cu(s) 0.3372 V + 2 + e–⇌ + 0.3371 Sb (s) + 2 + 2 e– ⇌ (s) + 0.342 2 At + 2 e–⇌ 0.362 Fe + e–⇌ 0.37041 C + 2 + 2 e–⇌ 2 HCN 0.3732 P (aq) + 2 + 2 e– ⇌ 2 0.38 2 S 2 (aq) + 2 + 2 e– ⇌ + 0.4 2 O (g) + 2 + 4 e–⇌ 4 0.4014 Mo + 6 + 3 e–⇌ + 4 0.433 Ru + 2 e–⇌ (s) 0.4552Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 1077 V + 2 + e– ⇌ + 0.481 1 Re + 3 e–⇌ Re(s) 0.53 C (aq) + 2 + 2 e–⇌ (g) + 0.52 S (aq) + 4 + 4 e–⇌ S(s) + 2 0.54 S 4 (aq) + 4 + 6 e– ⇌ + 2 0.51 6 Cu + e–⇌ Cu(s) 0.521 C CO(g) + 2 + 2 e–⇌ C(s) + 0.522 I + 2 e–⇌ 3 0.532 Te (s) + 4 + 4 e– ⇌ Te(s) + 2 0.53 4 Cu + + e– ⇌ (s) 0.54 1 I (s) + 2 e–⇌ 2 0.542 Au + 3 e–⇌ Au(s) + 4 0.563 As (aq) + 2 + 2 e–⇌ (aq) + 0.562 S + 4 + 2 e– ⇌ 2 0.569 2 Au + e–⇌ Au(s) + 2 0.581 Mn + 2 + 3 e–⇌ (s) + 4 0.5953 S + 6 + 4 e–⇌ 2 S(s) + 3 0.64 Fe + e– ⇌ Fc(s) 0.63 1 Substantial literature variation Mo (aq) + 2 + 2 e–⇌ (s) + 2 0.652 N (aq) + 11 + 8 e– ⇌ 3 0.69 8 O (g) + 2 + 2 e–⇌ (aq) 0.6952 Sb (s) + 4 + 4 e– ⇌ (s) + 2 0.699 4 C + 2 + 2 e–⇌ 0.69922 V + 24 + 10 e– ⇌ 10 + 8 0.723 10 Pt + 2 e–⇌ + 2 0.7262 Fe (s) + 6 + 2 e–⇌ 2 + 3 0.7282 Se (aq) + 4 + 4 e–⇌ Se(s) + 3 0.744 At + 2 + 2 e–⇌ + 0.742 Tl + 3 e–⇌ Tl(s) 0.7413 No + e–⇌ 0.751 Pt + 2 e–⇌ Pt(s) + 4 0.7582 Br + + 2 e– ⇌ + 2 0.76 2 Po + 4 e–⇌ Po(s) 0.764 S + 2 e–⇌ 2 0.7692 Fe + e–⇌ 0.7711 Hg + 2 e–⇌ 2 Hg(l) 0.79732 Ag + e–⇌ Ag(s) 0.79961 N 2 + 4 + 2 e–⇌ (g) + 2 0.8032 Fe 2 + 5 + 6 e–⇌ (s) + 10 0.816 Au + 3 e–⇌ Au(s) + 4 0.853 Hg + 2 e–⇌ Hg(l) 0.852 Ir + e–⇌ 0.871 Mn + + e–⇌ 0.91Po + 2 e–⇌0.92 Hg 2 + 2 e–⇌ 0.912 Pd + 2 e–⇌ Pd(s) 0.9152 Au + 3 e–⇌ Au(s) + 4 0.933 N + 3 + 2 e– ⇌ (aq) 0.94 2 Mn (s) + 4 + e–⇌ + 2 0.951 N + 4 + 3 e–⇌ (g) + 2 0.9583 Au + e–⇌ Au(s) + 2 0.961 Fe (s) + 8 + 2 e–⇌ 3 + 4 0.982 Xe + 2 + 2 e–⇌ + 4 0.992 N (aq) + + e– ⇌ NO(g) + 0.996 1 At HAtO + + e–⇌ At + 1.01 V + 2 + e–⇌ + 11. Te (aq) + 2 + 2 e–⇌ (s) + 4 1.022. N (g) + 2 + 2 e– ⇌ NO(g) + 1.03 2 Br + 2 e– ⇌ 3 1.05 2 Sb (s) + 2 + 2 e– ⇌ (s) + 1.055 2 I + e– ⇌ 2 + I(s) 1.06 1 Br (l) + 2 e–⇌ 2 1.0662 N (g) + 2 + 2 e– ⇌ 2 1.07 2 Br (aq) + 2 e–⇌ 2 1.08732 Ru + 4 + 2 e–⇌ + 2 1.1202Cu + 2 + e–⇌ 1.121 I + 5 + 4 e–⇌ HIO(aq) + 2 1.134 O (aq) + + e– ⇌ + 1.14 1 Au + e–⇌ Au(s) + 2 1.151 Se + 3 + 2 e–⇌ (aq) + 1.152 Ag (s) + 2 + 2 e–⇌ 2 Ag(s) + 1.172 Cl + 2 + e–⇌ (g) + 1.1751 Xe + 5 + 8 e–⇌ Xe(g) + 11 1.188 Pt + 2 e–⇌ Pt(s) 1.1882 Cl (g) + + e–⇌ (aq) 1.191 I 2 + 12 + 10 e–⇌ (s) + 6 1.210 Mn (s) + 4 + 2 e–⇌ + 2 1.2242 O (g) + 4 + 4 e–⇌ 2 1.2294 N + 3 + 2 e– ⇌ 2 1.28 2 Cl + 2 + 2 e–⇌ + 1.232 Ru + e–⇌ 1.241 Xe + 3 + 6 e–⇌ Xe(g) + 7 1.246 N 2 + 12 + 10 e– ⇌ (g) + 6 1.25 10 Tl + 2 e–⇌ 1.252 N 2 (aq) + 4 + 4 e– ⇌ (g) + 3 1.297 4 Cr + 14 + 6 e–⇌ 2 + 7 1.336 N + 2 + 2 e– ⇌ + 1.35 2 Cl (g) + 2 e–⇌ 2 1.362 Ru + 8 + 5 e–⇌ + 4 1.3685 Ru + 4 + 4 e–⇌ + 2 1.3874 Co (s) + 4 + e–⇌ + 2 1.421 N 2 + + 2 e–⇌ + 2 1.422 I 2 HIO(aq) + 2 + 2 e–⇌ (s) + 2 1.442 Br + 5 + 4 e–⇌ HBrO(aq) + 2 1.4474 Pb (s) + 4 + 2 e–⇌ + 2 1.462 Pb (s) + 4 + 2 e–⇌ + 2 1.4682 Br 2 + 12 + 10 e–⇌ (l) + 6 1.4810 At + 4 + 4 e–⇌ HAtO + 2 1.54 Mn + 8 + 5 e–⇌ + 4 1.515 O + + e–⇌ (aq) 1.511 Au + 3 e–⇌ Au(s) 1.523 Ru + 8 + 4 e–⇌ + 4 1.5634 N 2 NO(g) + 2 + 2 e– ⇌ (g) + 1.59 2 Ni (s) + 2 + 2 e–⇌ + 2 1.592 Ce + e–⇌ 1.611 Cl 2 HClO(aq) + 2 + 2 e–⇌ (g) + 2 1.632 I + 2 + 2 e–⇌ + 1.642 Ag (s) + 6 + 4 e–⇌ 2 + 3 1.674 Cl (aq) + 2 + 2 e–⇌ HClO(aq) + 1.672 Pb + 2 e–⇌ 1.692 Mn + 4 + 3 e–⇌ (s) + 2 1.73 Br + 2 + 2 e–⇌ + 1.742 Ag AgO(s) + 2 + e–⇌ + 1.771 N (g) + 2 + 2 e– ⇌ (g) + 1.77 2 O (aq) + 2 + 2 e–⇌ 2 1.782 Au + e–⇌ Au(s) 1.831 Co + e–⇌ 1.921 Ag + e–⇌ 1.981 O + 2 e–⇌ 2 2.012 O (g) + 2 + 2 e–⇌ (g) + 2.0752 Mn + 3 + 2 e–⇌ (s) + 2 2.092 Xe (aq) + 6 + 6 e–⇌ Xe(g) + 3 2.126 Xe (aq) + 8 + 8 e–⇌ Xe(g) + 6 2.188 Fe + 8 + 3 e–⇌ + 4 2.23 Xe (aq) + 2 + 2 e–⇌ Xe(g) + 2 HF(aq) 2.322 O + + e– ⇌ 2.38 1 Xe (aq) + 2 + 2 e–⇌ (aq) + 3 2.422 F (g) + 2 e–⇌ 2 2.872Cm + e–⇌ 3.01Estimated F (g) + 2 + 2 e–⇌ 2 HF(aq) 3.0772Tb + e–⇌ 3.11EstimatedPr + e–⇌ 3.21Estimated Kr (aq) + 2 e–⇌ Kr(g) + 2 3.272 Estimated

See also Galvanic series lists electrode potentials in saltwater Standard apparent reduction potentials in biochemistry at pH 7 Reactivity series#Comparison with standard electrode potentials

Notes Not specified in the indicated reference, but assumed due to the difference between the value −0.454 and that computed by (2×(−0.499) + (−0.508))/3 = −0.502, exactly matching the difference between the values for white (−0.063) and red (−0.111) phosphorus in equilibrium with .

References

External links

http://www.jesuitnola.org/upload/clark/Refs/red_pot.htm

Standard electrode potential (data page)

Bron en licentie