Nord (; officially ; ; , ) is a department in Hauts-de-France region in France, bordering Belgium. It was created from the western halves of the historical counties of Flanders and Hainaut, and the Bishopric of Cambrai. The modern coat of arms was inherited from the County of Flanders.

Nord is the country's most populous département. It had a population of 2,615,635 in 2023. It also contains the metropolitan region of Lille (the main city and the prefecture of the département), the fourth-largest urban area in France after Paris, Lyon and Marseille. The department is the part of France where the French Flemish dialect of Dutch has historically been spoken as a native language. Similarly, the distinct French Picard dialect Ch'ti is spoken there.

History Until the 17th century, the history of the North (Nord, French department) was largely in common with the history of Belgium (the Celtics Belgians during Antiquity were a multitude of Celtic peoples from the north of Gaul). The historical French provinces that preceded Nord are French Flanders, French Hainaut (part of Hainaut and Flanders is in the Kingdom of Belgium). Tribes of the Belgae, such as the Menapii and Nervii were the first peoples recorded in the area later known as Nord.

During the 4th and 5th Centuries, Roman rulers of Gallia Belgica secured the route from the major port of Bononia (Boulogne) to Colonia (Cologne), by co-opting Germanic peoples north-east of this corridor, such as the Tungri. In effect, the area known later as Nord became an isogloss (linguistic border) between the Germanic and Romance languages. Saxon colonisation of the region from the 5th to the 8th centuries likely shifted the isogloss further south so that, by the 9th century, most people immediately north of Lille spoke a dialect of Old Dutch. This has remained evident in the place names of the region. After the County of Flanders became part of France in the 9th century, the isogloss moved north and east. 

During the 14th century, much of the area came under the control of the Duchy of Burgundy and in subsequent centuries was therefore part of the Habsburg Netherlands (from 1482) and the Spanish Netherlands (1581).

Areas that later constituted Nord were ceded to France by treaties in 1659, 1668, and 1678, becoming the Counties of Flanders and Hainaut, and part of the Bishopric of Cambrai.

On 4 March 1790, during the French Revolution, Nord became one of the original 83 departments created to replace the counties.

Modern government policies making French the only official language have led to a decline in use of the Dutch West Flemish dialect. There are currently 20,000 speakers of a sub-dialect of West Flemish in the arrondissement of Dunkirk and it appears likely that this particular sub-dialect will be extinct within decades.

Geography

Nord is part of the current Hauts-de-France region and is surrounded by the French departments of Pas-de-Calais, Somme, and Aisne, as well as by Belgium and the North Sea. Its area is . It is the longest department in metropolitan France, measuring 184 km from Fort-Philippe in the north-west to Anor in the south-east.

Situated in the north of the country along the western half of the Belgian frontier, the department is unusually long and narrow. The principal rivers are the following: Yser, Lys, Escaut, Scarpe, Sambre.

Principal towns

The most populous commune is Lille, the prefecture. With nearby Roubaix, Tourcoing and Villeneuve-d'Ascq, it constitutes the center of a cluster of industrial and former mining towns totalling slightly over a million inhabitants. As of 2023, there are 10 communes with more than 30,000 inhabitants:Populations de référence 2023: 59 Nord, INSEE

Commune Population (2023) Lille 238,246 Tourcoing 98,772 Roubaix 98,286 Dunkirk 86,263 Villeneuve-d'Ascq 62,868 Valenciennes 43,468 Wattrelos 40,847 Douai 40,250 Marcq-en-Barœul 40,184 Cambrai 31,134

Demographics

Politics

The President of the Departmental Council is the unaffiliated right-winger Christian Poiret.

The first President of the Fifth Republic, General Charles de Gaulle, was born in Lille in the department on 22 November 1890.

Party SeatsUnion of the Right (UD) 30Union of the Left (UG) 18Miscellaneous right (DVD) 10Union of the Centre and the Right (UCD) 8French Communist Party (PCF) 4Miscellaneous left (DVG) 4Union of the Left and Ecologists (UGE) 4Miscellaneous centre (DVC) 2Europe Ecology – The Greens (EELV) 2

Presidential elections second round ElectionWinning candidateParty%2nd place candidateParty% 2022 Emmanuel Macron LREM 52.85 Marine Le Pen RN 47.15 2017 Emmanuel Macron LREM 56.90 Marine Le Pen FN 43.10 2012 François Hollande PS 52.88 Nicolas Sarkozy UMP 47.12 2007 Nicolas Sarkozy UMP 51.75 Ségolène Royal PS 48.25 2002 Jacques Chirac RPR 78.28 Jean-Marie Le Pen FN 21.72 1995 Lionel Jospin PS 53.70 Jacques Chirac RPR 46.30

Current National Assembly Representatives

ConstituencyMemberParty Nord's 1st constituency Aurélien Le Coq La France Insoumise Nord's 2nd constituency Ugo Bernalicis La France Insoumise Nord's 3rd constituency Sandra Delannoy National Rally Nord's 4th constituency Brigitte Liso Renaissance Nord's 5th constituency Sébastien Huyghe Renaissance Nord's 6th constituency Charlotte Lecocq Renaissance Nord's 7th constituency Félicie Gérard Horizons Nord's 8th constituency David Guiraud La France Insoumise Nord's 9th constituency Violette Spillebout Renaissance Nord's 10th constituency Gérald Darmanin Renaissance Nord's 11th constituency Roger Vicot Socialist Party Nord's 12th constituency Michaël Taverne National Rally Nord's 13th constituency Julien Gokel Socialist Party Nord's 14th constituency Paul Christophe Horizons Nord's 15th constituency Jean-Pierre Bataille Miscellaneous right Nord's 16th constituency Matthieu Marchio National Rally Nord's 17th constituency Thierry Tesson Union of the Right for the Republic Nord's 18th constituency Alexandre Dufosset National Rally Nord's 19th constituency Sébastien Chenu National Rally Nord's 20th constituency Guillaume Florquin National Rally Nord's 21st constituency Valérie Létard Union of Democrats and Independents

Economy Until recently, the department was dominated economically by coal mining, which extended through the heart of the department from neighbouring Artois into central Belgium.

At the forefront of France's 19th century industrialisation, the area suffered severely during World War I and now faces the economic, social and environmental problems associated with the decline of coal mining with its neighbours, following the earlier decline of the Lille-Roubaix textile industry.

Transport The department is served by Lille Airport, provides scheduled air service to several cities in France, Europe and some North African countries. However, other airports such as Brussels Airport, and Paris's Charles de Gaulle Airport and Orly Airport are also used by air travellers from the department.

Tourism

See also Cantons of the Nord department Communes of the Nord department Arrondissements of the Nord department (France) French Flemish Université Lille Nord de France

References

External links

Prefecture website Departmental Council website