Okinawan names (Okinawan: /, nā) today have only two components, the family names (surnames or last names) first and the given names last. Okinawan family names represent the distinct historical and cultural background of the islands which now comprise Okinawa Prefecture in Japan. Expatriates originally from Okinawa also have these names.
Modern names As Japanese citizens, Okinawans today comply with the Japanese family register (koseki) system. Accordingly, an Okinawan name has only two components, a family name and a given name. A family name is called myōji (苗字 or 名字), uji (氏) or sei (姓), and a given name is called the "front name" (名前, namae) or "lower name" (下の名前, shita no namae). The family name precedes the given name. The given name may be referred to as the "lower name" because, in vertically-written Japanese, the given name appears under the family name.
Japanese family names generally show regional variation, but Okinawan family names are known for their distinctiveness. In contrast it becomes increasingly difficult to find unique Okinawan given names.Ueno Kazuo 上野和男, Okinawa no namae to shakai 沖縄の名前と社会, Ryūkyū Ajia no minzoku to rekishi 琉球・アジアの民俗と歴史, pp. 41–60, 2002.
Top 10 popular Okinawan family names This top 10 listMorioka Hiroshi 森岡浩, Zenkoku Myōji Jiten 全国名字辞典, p.333, is based on the name as written in kanji (Chinese characters). Since the Japanese language allows for multiple possible readings, or pronunciations, for each character, the reading of Okinawan family names written with the same characters varies. In addition, the Okinawan language has its own means of reading Japanese kanji, but some surnames like Nakama, Yara have the same reading in both languages.
Kanji Okinawan ReadingsJapanese/Yamato Readings Well-known people 比嘉 Fija, FiijaHiga 比嘉 栄昇 Eishō Higa (Begin), Ryan Higa, 比嘉 愛未 Manami Higa 金城 KanagusukuKaneshiro, Kinjō 金城 武 Takeshi Kaneshiro, 金城 綾乃 Ayano Kinjō (Kiroro) 大城 UfugusukuŌshiro 大城 ガクト Gakuto Oshiro, 大城 立裕 Tatsuhiro Oshiro, 大城 みさき Misaki Oshiro 宮城 NaagusukuMiyagi, Miyashiro ミヤギマモル Mamoru Miyagi, 宮城 長順 Chojun Miyagi 新垣 ArakachiArakaki, Aragaki, Shingaki, Niigaki 新垣 結衣 Yui Aragaki, 新垣 里沙 Risa Niigaki (Morning Musume) 玉城 TamagusukuTamaki, Tamashiro 玉城 幸也 Yukinari Tamaki (Da Pump), 玉城 千春 Chiharu Tamashiro (Kiroro) 上原 WiibaruUehara 上原 多香子 Takako Uehara (Speed) 島袋 ShimabukuShimabukuro 島袋 寛子 Gensei Shimabukuro, Hiroko Shimabukuro (Speed), Jake Shimabukuro 平良 TeeraTaira 平良 とみ Tomi Taira 山城 YamagusukuYamashiro 山城 智二 Tomoji Yamashiro (FEC)
Historical names Yamatu-naaJapanese (Yamato) style name Kara-naaChinese name warabi-naaChildhood name kameiFamily name ikaiTitle/Rank nanuiGiven name siiSurname iminaGiven name Umi-guraa Tamagusuku Uwekata Chōkun Shō Juyū
As in mainland Japan, historical names in Okinawa are more complicated. People with different social statuses bore different kinds of names, maintained several names to use in different occasions, and sometimes changed them in their lifetime.
It was prohibited to have Japanese style name and Okinawan names underwent great changes after the Ryūkyū Kingdom fell under the Satsuma Domain's control.
Warabi-naa Warabi-naa (warabe-na/warabi-naa, 童名) were personal names. For example, the warabi-naa of Tamagusuku Chōkun was Umi-guraa (思五良). Warabi-naa were most prevalent among Okinawans, from the king to commoners, both male and female. They were the oldest component of Okinawan names as, like people in mainland Japan, the inhabitants of Ryukyu islands did not originally have names for families, clans or lineages. They were used as the official names during the early era of the Ryukyu Kingdom. They appeared even in appointment letters by the king, written mostly in hiragana. It was during the 17th century that other name components prevailed among the pechin class.Dana Masayuki 田名真之, Ryūkyū jinmei kō hoi 琉球人名考補遺, Okinawa kinsei shi no shosō 沖縄近世史の諸相, pp. 213–232, 1992.
A warabi-naa was given soon after birth. Although literally meaning childhood name, it was used by commoners for their entire life. While it was overshadowed by other name components, even adult male members of the pechin class used warabi-naa at home and when referring to their friends.Higashionna Kanjun 東恩納寛惇, Ryūkyū jinmei kō 琉球人名考, Higashionna Kanjun zenshū 6 東恩納寛惇全集 6, pp.357–478, 1979.
Later in history, stylized use of prefixes and suffixes differentiated social statuses. A commoner used neither a prefix nor suffix, a samurai used either a prefix or suffix, and an aristocrat used both a prefix and a suffix. For example, Tukū (徳) was a name for commoners, Umi-tukū (思徳) for samurai, and Umi-tuku-gani (思徳金) for aristocrats.
A set of warabi-naa appeared in the very beginning of recorded history and has not been changed since then. The number of warabi-naa pooled in society was extremely small. It was not uncommon for a warabi-naa to be shared by more than one person in a household. The first male child was usually named after his paternal grandfather. For example, the last king Shō Tai had the warabi-naa Umi-jiraa-gani (思次良金), which was also the name of his grandfather Shō Kō.
Kamei Even in the Old Ryukyu era, social development led Okinawans to acquire names other than warabi-naa for disambiguation. Kamei (家名) or Yaa-n-naa (家の名), both meaning "family name", were often attached to warabi-naa. Kamei were toponyms, either the domains they ruled or the places of their origin. For example, an inscription of the Old Ryukyu era contains a personal name, Mafuto-kane Ufusato no Ufu-yakumoi (まふとかね 大さとの大やくもい), where Mafuto-kane (Mafutu-gani) was a warabi-naa, Ufusato (Ufusatu) was a place associated with him, and Ufu-yakumoi (Ufu-yakumui) was the title he was given.Higashionna Kanjun 東恩納寛惇, Shisei kō 氏姓考, Higashionna Kanjun zenshū 6 東恩納寛惇全集 6, pp.574–589, 1979.
In the naming conventions after the separation of the Peichin class from peasants, only the Pechin class was allowed to have kamei. Because the vast majority of the Pechin families lacked domains to rule, they inherited fixed kamei. In contrast, an upper class member used the name of the fief he was given by the king. This means that his kamei was changed every time a different land was allotted. For example, Makishi Chōchū (1818–1862) originally had the kamei Itarashiki (板良敷) but was then given a fief of Ōwan (大湾) before being finally renamed to Makishi (牧志).
In early times, kamei were written predominantly in hiragana. After the invasion of the Ryūkyū Kingdom by Japan's Satsuma Domain in 1609, the Japanese-style use of Chinese characters (kanji) was adopted. The Keichō Land Surveys of 1609–1611 probably conventionalized to some degree the choice of kanji for place names, and thus surnames based on them. In 1625 the Satsuma Domain instituted a . As a result, the kanji used to write kamei changed from characters that were common in Japan to new, unique character combinations. For example, the name 東 (Higashi) was often changed to 比嘉 (Figa) or 比謝 (Fija), the name 前田 (Maeda) to 真栄田 (the same reading), 福山 (Fukuyama) to 譜久山 (the same reading), etc.Shuncho Higa, On Okinawan Surnames, Shunzo Sakamaki ed., Ryukyuan Names, pp. 31–50, 1964.
In practice, kamei represented a group who shared the founder of a relatively recent past. When it was necessary to distinguish branch families, the main family attached the prefix ufu (大, great) to its kamei while the suffix gwa (小, small), for example, was used for a branch family.
Officially, commoners did not have kamei. At some point in history, commoners in the capital region, Shuri and Naha, started to assume kamei. However, kamei of commoners were differentiated verbally and in writing. The last syllable of a commoner's kamei was lengthened (e.g. Arakachii) while that of a Pechin was not (e.g. Arakachi). For commoners, his warabi-naa is written first and is followed by his kamei. For example, Taraa (warabi-naa) from Yamagushiku was written as たら山城 (Taraa Yamagushiku).
Commoners in rural areas unofficially used names for households, which were also called Yaa-n-naa (屋の名). They were similar to yagō, private family names used by commoners in Japan.
Rank Like in Japan, a rank (位階) was also part of the addressing system. The following was the list of ranks after they were fixed: Wōji (王子) Anji or Aji (按司) Uwekata (親方) Peechin (親雲上) Satunushi-peechin (里之子親雲上) Satunushi (里之子) Chikudun-peechin (筑登之親雲上) Chikudun (筑登之) Young male members of the Pechin class who had no rank were addressed with honorific suffixes: shii (子) for the upper class and nyaa (仁屋) for the lower class. Commoners had no rank.
Nanui Male members of the Pechin class adopted nanui (nanori/nanui, 名乗), or Japanese-style personal names, when they reached adulthood. Each nanui consists of two kanji characters, e.g. 朝薫 (Chōkun). The first character of a nanui, called nanui-gasira (nanori-gashira/nanui-gasira, 名乗頭), was shared by a lineage or munchū. For example, the character 朝 (chō) was used by branch families of the royal family including Chōkun (玉城朝薫), his father Chōchi (朝致) and his son Chōki (朝喜).
The direct reference to a nanui verbally and in writing was usually avoided because it was considered rude. In domestic documents, a Pechin was usually addressed by the combination of a kamei and a rank (e.g. Kyan Peekumi (喜屋武親雲上)). This was similar to the convention of Japan, e.g. Andō Tsushima-no-kami (安藤対馬守, Andō, Governor of Tsushima Province) for Andō Nobumasa. This combination can be found in as early as the first half of the 16th century. When necessary, a nanui was attached to the combination of a kamei and a rank. It is only a convention of historiography that people of the Ryūkyū Kingdom are referred to by the combination of a kamei and a nanui, e.g. Tamagusuku Chōkun (玉城朝薫).
Nanui came into use during the 17th century with obvious influence from Satsuma. The use of nanui-gashira is similar to that of tsūji (通字) in Japan. However, while tsūji was usually assumed only by the successor of a household, the first son in most cases, each nanui-gashira was shared by all the male member of a lineage.
Kara-naa From 1689 male members of the Pechin class also had kara-naa (唐名) or Chinese names. Each kara-naa consists of a one-character name for a lineage called shii or uji (sei/shii, 姓 or uji/uji, 氏) and a personal name called imina (諱). For example, Tamagusuku Chōkun had the kara-naa Shō Juyū (向受祐). Kara-naa appeared neither officially nor privately in domestic affairs, but were used for diplomatic correspondence with Chinese dynasties. Thus a lower-class Pechin who had no post in the court had virtually no chance to use his kara-naa.
Names for Okinawan officials were recorded in early diplomatic documents written in Classical Chinese. They were actually corrupt forms of warabi-naa and kamei. For example, a-fu-sat-to 阿布薩都 and ō-sat-to 王察度 both referred to the kamei Ufuzatu (大里). Similarly, go-ratsu 呉剌 and tatsu-ro-ka-ne 達魯加禰 derived from warabi-naa Guraa (五良) and Taru-gani (樽金) respectively. It is during the 16th century that some officials used names that could be analyzed as Chinese surnames and given names. It seems that at first these names were coined each time they were needed for a diplomatic trip to China. Some families from which diplomats came for generations began to succeed the first character of their ancestors' transcribed names as shii. For instance, descendants of Mafutu-gani, who appeared as ma-botsu-to (麻勃都) in diplomatic records, adopted the shii Ma (麻) after him.
Munchū or lineages