Alan fitz Flaad (c. 1060 – after 1120) was a Breton knight, probably recruited as a mercenary by Henry I of England in his conflicts with his brothers. After Henry became King of England, Alan became an assiduous courtier and obtained large estates in Norfolk, Sussex, Shropshire, and elsewhere in the Midlands, including the feudal barony and castle of Oswestry in Shropshire.Burke, John and John Bernard, Volume 2, p. xlCokayne, G. E., edited by Vicary Gibbs & H. A. Doubleday, The Complete Peerage, London, 1926, vol. v., p. 391 His duties included supervision of the Welsh border.Ritchie, R. L. Graeme, The Normans in Scotland, Edinburgh University Press, 1954, p. 280-281 He is now noted as the progenitor of the FitzAlan family, the Earls of Arundel (1267–1580), and the House of Stuart, although his family connections were long a matter of conjecture and controversy.
Career Arrival in England
Flaad and his son Alan had come to the favourable notice of King Henry I of England who, soon after his accession, brought Flaad and Alan to England. Eyton, consistently following the theory of the Scottish origins of the Stewarts, thought this was because he was part of the entourage of the Queen, Matilda of Scotland;Eyton, Volume 7, p. 230 Round pointed out that Henry had been besieged in Mont-Saint-Michel during his struggle with his brothers,Round (1901), p. 124 an event which probably occurred in 1091. He is known to have recruited Breton troops at that time and, after his surrender, left the scene via the adjoining regions of Brittany, where Dol is situated. This is a likely explanation for the Bretons in the military retinue he brought to England after the death of William Rufus.
Alan's career in England can be traced largely through his presence as a witness to charters granted by the king during his travels in the first decade or more of his reign. Some of his activities were traced by Eyton, and his researches overlap with William Farrer's calendar of Henry I's travels. All of the business in which he took part was ecclesiastical, involving grants, sometimes disputed, to churches and monasteries.
Appearances at court
Alan appeared in Henry I's company at least as early as September 1101, probably at a court held in Windsor Castle,Eyton, Volume 7, p. 217 when he witnessed important grants to Norwich Cathedral, confirming its foundation and various endowments.Johnson and Cronne, p. 13-4, no. 547-58Farrer, p. 10, nos. 25–6 Next, he appeared with the king at Canterbury in 1103,Farrer, p. 19, nos. 68–69 where he witnessed the grant of a market to the nuns of Malling Abbey and land acquisitions by Rochester Cathedral, then in the process of rebuilding.Johnson and Cronne, p. 30, nos. 634, 636.
Later that year,Eyton, Volume 7, p. 219 or early in the next,Farrer, p. 19, no. 80 Alan was with the king in the New Forest, where the business concerned Andover Priory, a daughter house of the great Benedictine Abbey of Saint-Florent de Saumur.Alien houses: Priory of Andover in Doubleday and Page, pp. 219–221. He was probably selected deliberately for this meeting because of his family's close connections with Saumur Abbey: one of his uncles was a monk there. William Rufus had decreed that all chapels in the parish of Andover church should be handed over to the monks or destroyed.Round (1899), p. 415, no. 1150. One problem at issue revolved around the Foxcote chapel, which was evidently being defended from destruction or annexation by Edward de Foscote, a local landowner. Another seems to have been the administration of justice in the monastic estates.Johnson and Cronne, p. 41, no. 687. Wihenoc, a monk of St Florent, had initiated an action against the reeve of Andover to have these issues clarified and resolved. Alan Fitz Flaad was called upon to witness a compromise, although Foxcote was among the properties confirmed to the priory by Pope Eugenius III in 1146.Round (1899), p. 402, no. 1126.
In the autumn of 1105, Alan was called to York to witness confirmation of Ralph Paynel's transfer of his refounded Holy Trinity Priory in York to Marmoutier Abbey, ToursRound (1899), p. 442, no. 1225.Johnson and Cronne, p. 45, no. 714. and his many endowments of the priory itself.Farrer, p. 30, nos. 121C. and 121D.Johnson and Cronne, p. 45, no. 715. At some point, he also witnessed Roger de Nonant's gift of the church at Totnes and various tithes to the Abbey of Ss Sergius and Bacchus at Angers, a gift earmarked as being for the souls of the royal family.Johnson and Cronne, p. 50, no. 735a.
In May 1110, Alan was at court at Windsor again to witness the king's settlement of a property dispute between Hervey le Breton, Bishop of Ely, and Ranulph Flambard, Bishop of Durham, resolved in favour of the former.Johnson and Cronne, p. 51, no. 945.
Probably only later did he appear as a witness to a royal command issued to Richard de Belmeis I, the Bishop of London and the king's viceroy in Shropshire, to see that justice was done in the case of a disputed prebend at Morville.Farrer, p. 70, no. 326Johnson and Cronne, p. 51, no. 1051. The collegiate church there had been dissolved and replaced with a priory attached to Shrewsbury AbbeyM J Angold, G C Baugh, Marjorie M Chibnall, DC Cox, D T W Price, Margaret Tomlinson and BS Trinder. Houses of Benedictine monks: Priory of Morville in Gaydon and Pugh, pp. 62–70. and it seems that the son of one of the prebendaries was resisting the loss of what he regarded as his patrimony. Alan is listed among a group of Shropshire magnates, including Corbets and a Peverel, meeting perhaps during Henry I's 1114 military expedition into Wales. Johnson and Cronne tentatively place the meeting at Holdgate Castle in Shropshire. Eyton dates the event earlier, around the time of a royal expedition to Shropshire in 1109.Eyton, Antiquities of Shropshire, Volume 7, p. 220 Whatever the date, it shows Alan as an important member of the Shropshire landowning class.
Territorial magnate Alan's rapid ascent to wealth and power was a symptom of troubled times. The abortive revolt of Robert de Belleme in 1102 had torn apart the Anglo-Norman system of governing the Welsh Marches. With other Breton friends, Alan had been given forfeited lands in Norfolk and Shropshire, including some which had previously belonged to Robert de Belleme himself.Ritchie (1954) pp. 280–281 Robert had proved a threat to Henry in both the Welsh Marches and in Normandy, so the king was determined to insert reliable supporters to counterbalance or replace his network of supporters. Alan received more land as he proved his worth. A large portfolio of lands in Shropshire and around Peppering, near Arundel in Sussex, was taken from the holdings of Rainald de Bailleul,A T Gaydon, R B Pugh (Editors), M J Angold, G C Baugh, Marjorie M Chibnall, DC Cox, Revd D T W Price, Margaret Tomlinson, BS Trinder: Victoria County History: Shropshire, Volume 2, Chapter 9: the Abbey of Haughmond ancestor of the House of Balliol, which was also later to provide a king of Scotland. These were lands granted to Rainald by William the Conqueror in recognition of his role as Sheriff of Shropshire. There is no evidence that Rainald or his successor, Hugh, were rebels, and it seems that their lands came to Alan because of his elevation to the shrievalty of the county. He also gained a stake in the very large estates of Ernulf de Hesdin by marriage to his daughter, Avelina.
Religious grants and foundations
Alan was actively involved in a number of grants to religious institutions. One of the grants to Norwich Cathedral that he witnessed in 1101 concerned advowson of the church at Langham, Norfolk, which "had been Alan's", along with the tithes. It is possible this was a donation by himself. At some point unknown he gave the manor of Eaton near Norwich, to Norwich Cathedral, a gift the king promised "to confirm when Alan comes to my court."Farrer, p. 54, no. 243Johnson and Cronne, p. 55, no. 762 It is unclear whether this implied the king doubted the existence or the authenticity of the monks' charter:Johnson and Cronne, p. xxviii it certainly implies that Alan's attendance at court was to be expected. He also made considerable grants of land to Castle Acre Priory,Johnson and Cronne, p. 144, no. 1194 which lay on the boundary of his Norfolk honour of Mileham.Eyton, Volume 7, p. 218
However, his most important grants in Norfolk were to Sporle Priory, another Benedictine house subject to St Florent de Saumur, which he founded.Round (1901), p. 123 He gave to the monks of St Florent the church at Sporle, its tithes, a man's landholding, a ploughland in Sporle and another in Mileham, firewood and building timber, and pasture for sheep.Alien houses: The priory of Sporle in Page, pp. 463–464 The Liber Albus of St Florent mentions that one of the monks present when Alan made the gift was Wihenoc, who initiated the action at Andover.Round (1899), p. 414, no. 1149. Sporle was later endowed with property in Norfolk villages, including Great and Little Palgrave, where the priory had the church, Great Dunham, Hunstanton and Holme-next-the-Sea.
Alan acquired Upton Magna, the manor in Shropshire on which Haughmond Abbey was later built, as part of the group of estates that had belonged to earlier sheriffs.Eyton, Volume 7, p. 211 A note at the beginning of the abbey's cartulary dates the foundation to 1100 but attributes it to Alan's son, William Fitz Alan,Eyton, Volume 7, p. 283 which is impossible, as he was not yet born.Eyton, Volume 7, p. 284 The existence of a religious community at Haughmond is not definitely attested before a grant of a fishery to what was still a priory by William, around 1135.Eyton, Volume 7, p. 285 While Eyton assumed that William was the founder, although at a later date than suggested by the introductory note on the cartulary, the Victoria County History account leaves open the possibility that a small semi-eremitic community existed earlier at Haughmond under Alan's protection, without leaving a written trace.
Alan probably gave many small grants of land or property rights. He gave land at his manor of Stretton-on-Dunsmore in Warwickshire to Burton Abbey. He granted the tithes from his demesne at Burton on Trent to the monks of Léhon in Brittany, where there was a priory subject to the Abbey of Marmoutier: this is known from its confirmation some decades later by his grandson, Alan fitz Jordan.Round (1899), p. 441, no. 1221. Alan fitz Jordan also confirmed his grandfather's grant to Marmoutier of property at Cuguen,Round (1901), p. 127 in Brittany, and confirmed or restored Alan fitz Flaad's gift of a mill at Burton to Sele Priory, a small Sussex monastery subordinate to St Florent de Saumur.
Marriage and family Alan fitz Flaad married Avelina, daughter of Ernulf de Hesdin, a tenant-in-chief in ten counties at the time of Domesday,Round (1899), p. xlvii who was killed on crusade at Antioch.Round (1901), p. 116Ritchie (1954) p. 98n The Burkes' Royal Families of 1848 was one of the sources that asserted Alan's wife was the "daughter and heir of Warine, Sheriff of Shropshire, temp. William the Conqueror." The underlying reasoning seems to be that Alan held the lands formerly held by the sheriffs of the county and goes back at least as far as William Dugdale, but it was rejected by Eyton,Eyton, Volume 7, p. 213 not least because of lack of any evidence. He noted that William fitz Alan, in grants of his Sussex estates to Haughmond Abbey, referred to his mother as Adelina in the account by Orderic Vitalis of the siege of Shrewsbury in 1138, the defender "Ernulf de Heading" is referred to as the avunculus or maternal uncle of William fitz Alan.Eyton, Volume 7, p. 222