LOT Polish Airlines Flight 5055

LOT Polish Airlines Flight 5055 was a scheduled international passenger flight from Warsaw to New York City. In the late-morning hours of 9 May 1987, the Ilyushin Il-62 operating the flight crashed in the Kabaty Woods nature reserve on the outskirts of Warsaw around 54 minutes after departure. All 183 passengers and crew on board were killed in the crash, making it the deadliest accident involving an Ilyushin Il-62, and the deadliest aviation disaster in Polish history.

The accident was determined to have been caused by the disintegration of an engine shaft due to faulty bearings. This led to a catastrophic failure of the two left engines and then an onboard fire, both of which eventually destroyed all flight-control systems.

Aircraft The aircraft was a 186-seat Ilyushin Il-62M built in 1983, registered SP-LBG and named after Tadeusz Kościuszko, a Polish military leader and national hero.Only a portrait of Kościuszko was featured on the aircraft. The Il-62 has four tail-mounted engines, with two on the left side (numbers 1 and 2) and two on the right side (numbers 3 and 4). The proximity of the two pairs of engines would prove critical during the accident sequence.

Passengers and crew NationalityPassengersCrewTotalPoland15511166United States17017 Total17211183

All of the crew members were Polish. The captain, Zygmunt Pawlaczyk, was 59 years old, with 19,745 flight hours' experience (5,542 on Ilyushin Il-62s), and a captain of the type from 11 May 1978. The first officer, Leopold Karcher, was aged 44. The remaining flight crew were flight engineer Wojciech Kłossek, aged 43; flight navigator Lesław Łykowski, aged 47; a 43-year-old radio operator, Leszek Bogdan; and Ryszard Chmielewski, a 53-year-old trainer of flight engineers on a routine observation of Kłossek's progress. Five flight attendants were on board; one was stationed in the technical cabin bay, between the engines, and probably either lost consciousness and burned in the fire or was sucked out of the aircraft after decompression; her body was never found despite an extensive search.

Of the 172 passengers on board, 155 were from Poland, while the other 17 were from the United States.

Accident summary

The flight to San Francisco via New York City took off from runway 33 at Okęcie Airport at 10:18 AM CEST. The crew was cleared to climb to , on a course set to Grudziądz VHF omnidirectional range (VOR), which was reached at . Soon after Flight 5055 took off from Warsaw, the crew was instructed by air traffic control (ATC) to climb to an altitude of as quickly as possible:

10:26 Flight 5055 Well, we go to New York, possibly we'll be able to get to flight level 180... (tongue-in-cheek) 10:26 Approach Control Gentlemen! You won't make it. You have about to the TMN [Tango-Mike-November beacon]. I told you that clearance was set for 180 or higher. Military planes are training there. I have no communication with them to allow separation. 10:26 Flight 5055 Roger that. Roger that.Approach ControlMaintain one hundred and sixty. You're approaching TMN now. Further climb will be approved by area control. For now, frequency one thirty-four point eighty-seven. Goodbye. Speak soon.10:27:50Flight 5055I understood. See you later. Speak soon. LOT 5055.Flight 5055Warsaw radar. Good morning. LOT 5055.Flight 50555055. We're passing TMN at twenty-seven. We're maintaining level one hundred and sixty and estimate Grudziądz at forty. 10:31:35 Area Control 5055, heading 310, climb immediately flight level 170 []. 10:31:39 Flight 5055 5055, heading 310. 10:31:41 Area Control Climb immediately. I mean it, immediately.

At that moment, the crew applied maximum thrust on the engines to climb to . Nine minutes after the thrust was applied, as the aircraft had just passed Lipinki village, near Warlubie (near Grudziądz), at , at a speed of ), the faulty bearings inside the number 2 engine reached temperatures of about and exploded, destroying the shaft. The turbine disc on the burning engine separated from the destroyed shaft; the freed disc spun to an enormous speed, and within seconds, exploded. Debris from the explosion violently spread around, puncturing the fuselage, severing flight controls and electrical cables, and causing severe damage to the adjoining engine number 1—the outer left one, which soon also started to burn. A piece of hot debris burst into cargo hold number 4 and caused a rapidly spreading fire; the inner left engine burned rapidly until impact.

Immediately, the crew noticed that the elevator control systems had failed—only the pitch trim remained operative—and that two engines were disabled. The reasons for this were unknown to the crew; they initially suspected that the aircraft could have been hit by something, possibly another aircraft. The pilots started an emergency descent to . The closest airport where the Il-62 might land was Gdańsk, but landing there was not possible because the crew could not dump enough fuel for the emergency landing attempt (the takeoff weight of the aircraft on that day was 167 tons, until 10:41 about 6 tons of fuel were consumed; the maximum landing weight of the Il-62M was 107 tons), so they turned their heading to Okęcie, instead. Due to the damaged electrical system, the crew had problems with fuel dumping, and they did not realize that the fire had spread to the cargo holds in the back of the aircraft (cargo holds 4 and 6), and in the final minutes probably spread into the passenger cabin.

Initially, the crew intended to land at the military airport in Modlin, but at the final moment, they decided to return to Okęcie, which had better emergency equipment. Why the crew decided to continue the flight to Warsaw was initially unclear at the time, given the rapidly spreading fire and lost flight controls, rather than land as quickly as possible at Modlin. Modlin's emergency equipment was not as good as Okęcie's, but still good enough to deal with an emergency landing of an airliner with an in-flight fire. Many at the time believed officials had decided the airliner must not land at a military airport and (contrary to official reports) denied the crew's request to land at Modlin. While this is somewhat plausible, no conclusive evidence supporting this theory was ever presented. Instead, the cause was later determined to be the damage to the electrical systems preventing both the fire detectors in the cargo hold and inside the engine from working properly (on the cockpit voice recorder (CVR), an engine fire warning was heard shortly after the explosion, but it later faded out; the signal reappeared less than four minutes before the crash and continued until impact), so Cpt. Pawlaczyk did not know about the magnitude of the fire in the hold and how quickly it was spreading, nor about the burning engine when he decided to fly to Warsaw.

At 10:53, fuel vapors that had drifted into the burning cargo from the damaged fuel tanks exploded.

The passengers were fully aware of the emergency; 58-year-old passenger Halina Domeracka managed to write on the opening page of her New Testament: "9.05.1987 The aircraft's damaged... God, what will happen now... Halina Domeracka, R. Tagore St., Warsaw..." +CVR fragment—the moment of engine explosion10:41.28CommentaryIntermittent acoustic signal of autopilot disengagement10:41:30CrewHey! Pressurization!10:41:32CommentaryAcoustic ringing signal of cabin decompression10:41:34CrewIs there a fire? What's going on?10:41:35CrewProbably a fire.10:41:37CrewEngine? Shut it down!10:41:39Crew...shut down. That first one is burning!10:41:42Crew...fire...10:41:44Crew...all small [referring to engines' throttles]10:41:45CrewWarsaw?10:41:46Crew...all small. Decompression.10:41:48CrewTwo engines are gone!10:41:49CommentaryContinuous acoustic signal of engine fire.10:41:50CrewTwo engines are gone! [...] Shut down... [...] We're turning around! Fire!10:41:55CrewDanger!!! Warsaw radar LOT! Warsaw radar! [calling flight control]

11:09:47Okęcie TowerFrom your current position you have about to the runway.CrewUnderstoodCrew...[turn] to the left! Engines to the left!11:10:13Tower5055, to the left, to the left zero-five-zero.CrewOK.11:10:40Tower5055, to the left, course 360.CrewWe want to turn. That's just what we want. [implied meaning: "we're trying"]TowerKeep turning, turn to three-six-zero. Now you have about to the runway.CrewOK.11:11:02Tower5055, to the left, course 330.CrewWe are turning to the left.TowerStart final approach about from the runway.CrewWe will do all we can.TowerUnderstood.Tower[Turn] to the left, course 320.CrewUnderstood.11:11:34TowerYou've come to the right hand side of the runway centerline, continue left, course 300.TowerWind is 290 degrees, . You are cleared for runway three-three.CrewOK.11:12:10CommentaryTransmitter turned on four times; fragments of unintelligible utterancesCrewGood night! Goodbye! Bye, We perish. The last words inside the cockpit recorded by ATC at 11:12:13 were: "Dobranoc! Do widzenia! Cześć, giniemy!" (Eng. Good night! Goodbye! Bye, we're dying!). All 172 passengers and 11 crew died as the aircraft broke apart and crashed.

Cause

The bearings concerned were roller bearings; each was designed to have 26 rollers inside, but because the supply of the rollers to the factory was delayed—while the bearings had to be finished on time due to expiring contracts—each bearing had only 13 rollers.

LOT Polish Airlines Flight 5055

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