Zaghawa (Zaghawa: ) is a Nilo-Saharan language spoken by the Zaghawa people of east-central Chad (in the Sahel) and northwestern Sudan (Darfur). The people who speak this language call it Beria, from Beri, the endonym of the Zaghawa people, and a, Zaghawa for "mouth". It has been estimated that there are about 447,400 native speakers of the Zaghawa language, who primarily live in Chad and the Darfur region of Sudan. It is also spoken by a smaller number of people in Libya.
Dialects Zaghawa clans are: Beria (Arabic: Zaghawa) Tuba (Arabic: Bideyat): Biria, Brogat Kobe (Arabic: Zaghawa): Dirong, Guruf, Kobe, Kapka Wegi (Arabic: Twer)
Zaghawa dialects, which do not always correspond to clan divisions, are: Dialect Other names Clans Population Major communities Locations Tuba Bideyat (Arabic), Borogat Biria, Brogat 15,000 Bahaï, Bao Bilia, Kalaït Chad: canton Kobé-Nord-Est (Iriba s.p.); sub-prefectures Bao Bilia and Kalaït (Ennedi prefecture); Sudan: Northern Dar Fur Dirong-Guruf Durong, Gourouf Dirong, Guruf 4,000 Ebiri, Mardébé, Tronga Chad: cantons Dirong and Gourouf, and a few villages in Kapka canton (Iriba s.p.) Kobe Zaghawa (Arabic), Kobe Kapka, Kige, Kuba 25,000 Bakaoré (Matadjana), Iriba, Kouba, Tina Chad: cantons Kapka, Kobé-Nord-Est, Kobé-Nord-Ouest, and Kobé-Sud (Iriba s.p.); Sudan: Northern Dar Fur (near the Chadian border) Wegi Twer (Arabic), Artagh, Gala, Wagí Wegi 100,000 Ambodu, Kornoye, Kutum Sudan: Northern Dar Fur
Phonology
Vowels Zaghawa has a nine-vowel system with advanced-tongue-root vowel harmony. The vowels fall into two sets:
, with the vowels of affixes depending on the set of vowels in the stem, and with /a/ functioning in both sets. There is some variation among dialects as to the presence of a tenth vowel, /ə/, which in some dialects functions as the +ATR counterpart of /a/. Diphthongs are and .
Consonants Consonants are simple: LabialAlveolarPostalveolarPalatalVelarPharyngealGlottalStopFricative()()NasalApproximantTrillTap
Osman also includes in this list. occurs primarily in the Sudanese dialect as a variant of appearing before . The phonemic status of the rhotics are unclear: Osman states that may be exchanged without any change in meaning, yet maintains that they are distinct phonemes. Of the obstruents, may not occur word-initially, and only may occur word-finally, with /b/ in final position in some dialects. may not occur word-initially, and only appear in the middle of words, as in .
Tone There are five tones, high, mid, low, rising, falling, all of which may occur on simple vowels, for example in I watered, I said, right (direction). Tone distinguishes words, but also has grammatical functions; for example, the plural of many nouns is formed by changing the tone of the final syllable from low to high, and the perfective aspect of many verbs is similarly formed by changing the tone of the final syllable from low to high.
Syllable structure Words tend to be short, often CV and CVCV. The most complex syllables are CVC and CRV, where R is either of the two rhotics.
Orthography
The Zaghawa Latin alphabet is as follows:
Zaghawa alphabetABD EFGHIJKLMNƝŊOPRSShTUWYabdefghijklmnɲŋoprsshtuwyPhonetic value, , A macron is used to distinguish the advanced tongue root vowels , and IPA tone diacritics are used.
In the 1950s, a Zaghawa schoolteacher named Adam Tajir created an alphabet for the Zaghawa language that was based on the clan identification marks (brands). Sometimes known as the camel alphabet, he based the phoneme choice on the Arabic language rather than on Zaghawa. Also, some of the marks were longer than others, which made it harder to use it as a computer font.
In 2000, a Beri veterinarian named Siddick Adam Issa prepared an improved version of the alphabet which is named Beria Giray Erfe (Beria Writing Marks). In 2007, this system of writing was turned into a computer font by Seonil Yun in cooperation with SIL International and the Mission Protestante Franco-Suisse au Tchad.
There is also an Arabic script alphabet under development, based on the Tijani system of writing African languages in the 13th century.
Notes
References
External links ELAR documentation on the Sudanese dialectal variant of Zaghawa