HMS Lord Clive was the lead ship of her class of eight monitors built for the Royal Navy during World War I. Their primary armament was taken from obsolete pre-dreadnought battleships. The ship spent the war in the English Channel bombarding German positions along the Belgian coast as part of the Dover Patrol, often serving as a flagship. She participated in the failed First Ostend Raid in 1918, bombarding the defending coastal artillery as the British attempted to block the Bruges–Ostend Canal. Lord Clive was one of two ships in the class fitted with a single gun in 1918, but she only fired four rounds from it in combat before the end of the war in November. The ship conducted gunnery trials after the war and was sold for scrap in 1927.
Design All of the British monitors built during the war were intended to bombard land targets. To this end the Lord Clive class were given a heavy armament modified to increase its range and a shallow draught to allow them to work inshore as necessary. As the Royal Navy did not expect the ships to engage in naval combat, speed was very much not a priority. Lord Clive had an overall length of , a beam of including the torpedo bulge, without, and a draught of at deep load. She displaced at deep load and her crew numbered 12 officers and 182 ratings. The ship was powered by a pair of four-cylinder Harland & Wolff triple-expansion steam engines, each driving one propeller shaft using steam provided by two water-tube boilers. The engines were designed to produce a total of which was intended to give her a maximum speed of . On her sea trials Lord Clive only made because her designers were unfamiliar with the proper way to contour her hull to maximise her propeller efficiency; the ship reached in service as she was more heavily loaded. The monitor carried of coal which gave her a range of at .Buxton, p. 77Preston, p. 45
Armament, fire control, and armour The Lord Clives mounted two BL Mk VIII guns in a single hydraulically powered gun turret which came from the predreadnought battleships; Lord Clive received hers from . To suit their new role as long-range bombardment weapons, the turrets were modified to increase the maximum elevation of the guns from 13.5° to 30°. Their secondary armament consisted of a pair of quick-firing (QF) 12-pounder () guns on low-angle mounts. Anti-aircraft defence was provided by a single Vickers QF 3-pounder () Mk I gun and a QF 2-pounder () Mk I gun.Buxton, pp. 45, 49, 74, 77
The spotting top on the tripod mast between the turret and the funnel housed a rangefinder that fed data to the director on the roof of the spotting top. The director's crew would calculate the amount of traverse and elevation needed to hit the target and transmit that information to the turret for the guns to follow.Buxton, p. 17
The Lord Clive-class ships were protected against gunfire by a sloping waterline belt amidships of Krupp cemented armour (KCA) that was closed off at its ends by transverse bulkheads of equal thicknesses to form the ships' central armoured citadel. The upper deck of high-tensile steel served as the roof of the citadel and the forecastle deck above it consisted of plates of high-tensile steel. For protection against torpedoes, the ships were fitted with bulges deep.Buxton, pp. 13, 43, 77
The turret taken from Magnificent retained its original armour, viz. faces and sides with a 2-inch roof, all of Harvey armour. Its original circular barbettes was replaced by a new one formed from a dozen plates of KCA. The ships were also fitted with a cast-steel conning tower just forward of the barbette that had 6-inch sides and a roof thick.Buxton, pp. 43, 77
Wartime modifications
A pair of QF 6-inch guns with 200 rounds per gun were added in early 1916 abreast the funnel when it was realized that the two 12-pounder guns were not powerful enough to defend the ship from German destroyers. Two coal bunkers were turned into magazines for them, reducing the range to approximately , and increasing the crew in size to 215, necessitating plating in the sides of much of the upper deck to provide quarters. These guns were later exchanged for longer-ranged 6-inch Mk VII guns. By 1918 they had been replaced in their turn by four BL Mk IX guns abreast the bridge. The 12-pounder guns were replaced, probably in 1917, by QF Mk I anti-aircraft guns.Buxton, pp. 72–74
The biggest change was the addition of a BL Mk I gun in an enormous gun shield mounted abaft the engine room, fixed over the starboard side. The gun itself could traverse 20°, but the gun shield was fixed. The entire mount weighed , but the total weight of the ammunition, equipment and supports nearly doubled this again. This weight so far aft promised to increase the draught at the stern enough that the after inboard compartments of the torpedo bulge, which were normally free-flooding, were closed up, but the ship's draught increased to forward and aft. This corresponded to a displacement of , even after removal of the armored conning tower in compensation. The gun was hydraulically worked, but the ammunition parties had to use muscle power. The shells were stowed below deck and had to be moved by overhead rail to the hatch in the deck behind the gun to be lifted up and loaded. The cordite propellant charges were kept in eighteen steam-heated storage tanks mounted on the forecastle deck abaft the funnel and moved to the gun on a bogie mounted on rails, two one-sixth charges at a time, reducing the rate of fire to about one round every 3–4 minutes. The interior of the ship was extensively modified to accommodate the larger crew of 278 officers and men, storage and handling gear for the sixty 18-inch shells, and to support the weight of the gun mount. Other changes included the transfer of the radio room down into the hold, the addition of a new gyrocompass, enlarging the bridge and rearranging the existing magazines and storage spaces. A pair of additional two-pounder AA guns were also installed on top of the gun shield.Buxton, pp. 73–74
Construction and career Lord Clive, named after Major-General Lord Robert Clive, the first British Governor of the Bengal Presidency,Silverstone, p. 248 has been the only ship of her name to serve in the Royal Navy. She was laid down with the name M.6 on 9 January 1915 at Harland & Wolff's Berth no. 3 in its shipyard in Belfast, Northern Ireland, as yard number 478 and was renamed Lord Clive on 8 March. The ship was launched on 10 June and completed on 10 July at an estimated cost of about £260,000.Buxton, pp. 45, 47–49; Colledge & Warlow, p. 204
After Lord Clive finished working up she was sent to the Thames Estuary on 9 August 1915 to practice bombardment techniques with her sister ships and . A replica had been laid out there of some of the principal features of the Belgian coast near Zeebrugge and the ships practised their manoeuvring and spotting arrangements. Two tripods were dropped in the sea, housing observers which could triangulate the fall of shot and signal corrections to the monitors. One problem was that the modified 12-inch gun mounts broke down quite a bit, as they had not been designed to fire at angles up to 30° and many of their components were quite elderly. The ships were judged ready and a bombardment was planned on 21 August. This had to be postponed for a day because of bad weather, but Lord Clive, her sisters and their supporting armada of ten destroyers, nine minesweepers, the seaplane carrier , four ships to handle the observation tripods, and no less than fifty drifters to handle the explosive anti-submarine nets laid to protect the monitors, sailed to a position about off Zeebrugge during the night of 22–23 August. Lord Clive anchored and opened fire at 05:36 on the locks of the Zeebrugge Canal that led to the German naval base at Bruges, Belgium. She fired 31 shells at the locks over an hour and a half before switching targets to a nearby factory which received eleven rounds. Vice-Admiral Reginald Bacon ordered the ships to cease-fire after two hours, cancelling the plans to bombard Ostend as well since both Sir John Moore and Prince Rupert had been suffering significant problems with their turrets. The bombardment was ineffectual; two barges were sunk, but the locks were not hit. The British judged this a good first try and planned for a bombardment of Ostend once Sir John Moore and Prince Rupert had been repaired.Buxton, p. 54
The operation had to be postponed for weather several times, but the 77-ship fleet, reinforced by the and the small , was in position on the morning of 7 September. Visibility was excellent everywhere but over the target which was covered by a haze, and Bacon, using Lord Clive as his flagship, ordered a withdrawal. German submarines and aircraft attacked as they were leaving, but the monitors took no damage. The monitors returned in the afternoon when the haze cleared and Lord Clive opened fire at 15:30 with a ranging shot on the Ostende lighthouse. The newly emplaced Tirpitz Battery of four long-range guns started to return fire and soon began to near-miss Lord Clive. She steamed out to sea to open up the range, but her speed was so slow that the Germans had no difficulties compensating for the additional range and she was hit four times in quick succession about 15:50. One shell hit on the port bulge aft, another alongside the bulge forward, one on the bow and another, that failed to explode, on the starboard two-pounder gun, knocking the gun down to the quarterdeck. Only fourteen rounds were fired by the monitors before Bacon ordered them to retire, one of which set part of the dockyard on fire.Buxton, pp. 55–56; Crossley, chapter 5; Dunn, pp. 89–90
Another attempt was made on 19 September where the newly arrived monitor attempted to suppress the four guns of the Tirpitz Battery with her guns, while Lord Clive and Sir John Moore bombarded Ostend from positions thought to be outside the traversing limits of the German battery. This proved not to be the case and the monitors only managed a few rounds before they had to withdraw. On the 25th Lord Clive and several other monitors bombarded German positions at Westende as part of a deception operation to suggest that the Allies were launching an attack in that sector. During the remainder of September and October, she occasionally fired on German coastal batteries. During one of these later shoots the ship's left gun burst when a shell prematurely detonated inside the barrel.Buxton, pp. 56–57, 224
1916