SMS was a German armored cruiser built in the early 1900s for the German (Imperial Navy). She was the second and final member of the , which was built to provide scouts for the German fleet and station ships in Germany's colonial empire. was built by the Blohm & Voss shipyard in Hamburg. She was laid down in August 1901, launched in June 1902, and commissioned in December 1903. She was armed with a main battery of four guns and could reach a top speed of .
served with the scouting forces of the Active Battle Fleet for the first few years of her career, including a stint as the flagship of the reconnaissance squadron. She went on cruises abroad, including voyages escorting Kaiser Wilhelm II on tours in the Mediterranean Sea. She also participated in extensive training exercises in the Baltic and North Seas. In 1909, she was withdrawn from front-line service and used as a torpedo training ship until 1914.
After the outbreak of World War I in July 1914, returned to active service for operations in the Baltic Sea against the Imperial Russian Navy. She served as the flagship of the cruiser squadron in the Baltic and participated in patrols in the Gulf of Finland. The ship was modified to carry a pair of seaplanes. In mid-November, the cruiser squadron was tasked with attacking the Russian base at Libau, but while en route on 17 November, struck a pair of naval mines. She remained afloat long enough for most of her crew to be taken off by the light cruiser before sinking; seven or eight men died as she sank.
Design
was the second ship of the , which was ordered under the Second Naval Law of 1900. The law called for a force of fourteen armored cruisers able to serve in Germany's colonial empire and scout for the main German fleet in home waters. The need for one type of ship to fill both roles was the result of budgetary limitations, which prevented Germany from building vessels specialized to each task. The design was based on the previous armored cruiser, , but it incorporated more powerful armament and more comprehensive armor protection.
Characteristics
The ship was long overall, and had a beam of and a draft of forward. She displaced as built and up to fully loaded. She had a raised forecastle deck and a pronounced ram bow. Her superstructure consisted of a small, armored conning tower forward and a larger but unprotected structure further aft that had a small, lightly armored secondary conning position atop it. She was fitted with a pair of short military masts, which stepped down to lighter poles to reduce weight high in the ship. Her standard crew consisted of 35 officers and 551 enlisted men.
was powered by three vertical triple expansion engines driving three screws. Steam was generated by fourteen coal-fired water-tube boilers, which were vented through three funnels. Her engines were rated at to yield a maximum speed of , though she slightly exceeded these figures on speed trials. She carried up to of coal that enabled a maximum range of up to at a cruising speed of .
was armed with four SK L/40 guns arranged in two twin gun turrets, one on either end of the superstructure. Her secondary armament consisted of ten 15 cm (5.9 in) guns, which were mounted individually in four single-gun turrets and six casemates. These were clustered amidships, with two turrets and three casemates per broadside. For defense against torpedo boats, she carried a battery of twelve guns, also in individual mounts. She was also equipped with four underwater torpedo tubes, one in the bow, one in the stern, and one on each broadside.
The ship was protected by Krupp armor; her armored belt was thick amidships and reduced to forward and aft. The deck armor was thick, and on her forward conning tower the plating was thick. The main battery turrets had 150 mm thick sides and the casemate guns were protected with 100 mm of Krupp steel.
Service history Construction through 1905
was ordered under the provisional name and built at the Blohm & Voss shipyard in Hamburg under yard number 155. Her keel was laid down in August 1901 and she was launched on 21 June 1902, being named after the earlier ironclad . At the launching ceremony, Prince Friedrich Leopold of Prussia gave a speech; he was the son of Prince Friedrich Carl of Prussia, an army commander of the mid-19th century and namesake of the earlier ship. Friedrich Leopold's wife, Louise Sophie, christened the ship. Fitting-out work followed, and on 20 Otober 1903 a shipyard crew began builder's trials before she was moved to first to Cuxhaven and then to Wilhelmshaven on 24 October. In the latter port, she had her artillery installed. Work on the vessel was completed by 12 December 1903, the day she was commissioned to begin sea trials; her first commander was (KzS—Captain at Sea) Johannes Merten. Initial testing was normally carried out in the Baltic, from the naval base at Kiel, but the shipyard there was already busy conducting trials for her sister ship and teh light cruiser , among other projects, and so remained in the North Sea. During testing in late December, a number of ball bearings in the ship's engines began to overheat; the problem was eventually resolved with a new type of lubricating oil.
The trials were interrupted in March 1904 when was tasked with escorting Kaiser Wilhelm II aboard the Norddeutscher Lloyd steamer on a trip to the Mediterranean Sea. On 12 March the ships left Bremerhaven and steamed to Vigo, Spain, where the Spanish king, Alfonso XIII, visited on 15 March. Three days later the ships arrived in Gibraltar, where they met the British Channel Squadron. They then proceeded to Naples, Italy, by way of Mahón, where on 24 March Wilhelm II transferred to his yacht, . King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy visited at Mahón before she, , and the dispatch boat began a tour of Mediterranean ports. was in need of repairs, so she left and on 26 April and began the voyage back to Germany; she stopped in Venice, Italy, on 7 May and arrived back in Kiel on 17 May. There, she was assigned to the reconnaissance force of the Active Battle Fleet, taking the place of the protected cruiser .
Beginning in June 1904, joined II Squadron for a tour of Dutch, British, and Norwegian ports that lasted until August. During the voyage, had to tow two torpedo boats in company with the coastal defense ship and the torpedo boat to Stavanger, Norway. On returning to Germany, the German fleet conducted its annual maneuvers in August and September in the North and Baltic Seas. Following the conclusion of the maneuvers in September, Merten was replaced as the ship's commander by (FK—Frigate Captain) Hugo von Cotzhausen. The ship's sea trials were also officially ended at this point. In November, the crew briefly staged a mutiny against Cotzhausen, citing his inept leadership, though he remained in command. (KAdm—Rear Admiral) Gustav Schmidt, who was the commander of reconnaissance forces of the Active Battlefleet, transferred from , making the new flagship of the reconnaissance squadron.
1905–1914 From January to February 1905, participated in training exercises in the Baltic. While cruising north of the Great Belt, she struck a submerged shipwreck but suffered no significant damage. Beginning on 23 March, she again accompanied Wilhelm II, who was aboard the HAPAG steamship , for another voyage to the Mediterranean. While the ships were in Lisbon, they were visited by King Carlos I of Portugal. The German Chancellor, Bernhard von Bülow, sent a message to Wilhelm II in Lisbon suggesting he visit Morocco, and on 31 March and arrived in Tangier, where they met the French cruisers and . Wilhelm II made a speech supporting Moroccan independence, which led to the First Moroccan Crisis. The following day, the two German vessels steamed to Gibraltar, where accidentally collided with the British pre-dreadnought battleship . It is not known if either ship suffered any damage. During the cruise, Schmidt transferred to . On her return to Germany in June, resumed her role as flagship, apart from during a maintenance period from 10 to 26 August.
In July, joined the rest of the fleet for a cruise in the North and Baltic Seas, during which she ran aground but was not damaged. She then participated in squadron exercises in the Baltic. In February 1906, she went on a training cruise to Denmark. The new armored cruiser replaced as the squadron flagship in late March. in turn replaced as the flagship of the deputy commander, (Commodore) Raimund Winkler. She remained in this role until the new armored cruiser took her place on 15 August. The autumn maneuvers of 1906 were conducted in Norwegian waters and the western Baltic. After the maneuvers, FK Franz Hipper took command of the ship. resumed her role as the deputy commander flagship on 31 October when KzS Eugen Kalau vom Hofe came aboard the ship; she held the position until 5 March 1908. The year 1907 passed uneventfully for ; she briefly served as the squadron flagship from 11 September to 28 October after suffered an accident. went on a major training cruise into the Atlantic Ocean in early 1908 and on her return to Wilhelmshaven was decommissioned on 5 March for lengthy repairs.
On returning to service on 1 March 1909, KzS Friedrich Schultz assumed command of the ship, which was to be used as a torpedo test ship. In this role, she replaced the protected cruiser ; Schultz was also the commander of the Torpedo Testing Inspectorate. On 30 March, was assigned to the temporary Training and Testing Ship Unit for maneuvers off the island of Rügen in April. The unit was dissolved on 24 April, and from mid-August to early September, participated in the autumn maneuvers as part of the Reconnaissance Group of the Reserve Fleet. The years 1910 and 1911 followed a similar training routine to that of 1909, and Schultz had been replaced by KzS Ernst Ritter von Mann und Edler von Tiechler as the ship's captain in September 1909 and by KAdm Wilhelm von Lans as commander of the Torpedo Testing Inspectorate on 19 December 1909. Tiechler was in turn replaced by FK Andreas Michelsen in September 1911; he held the command until the outbreak of World War I in July 1914.
In July 1911, conducted torpedo tests with the light cruiser in Norwegian waters. The winter of 1911–1912 was particularly severe, and in early 1912 was used to rescue merchant ships that had been trapped in the iced-over Baltic. That year, the Training and Testing Ship Unit was reactivated as the Training Squadron for exercises. KAdm Reinhard Koch replaced Lans on 1 October 1912 and kept as his flagship. During the autumn maneuvers that year, was assigned to II Scouting Group of what was now the High Seas Fleet. The training routine in 1913 and the first half of 1914 followed the same pattern as in previous years. On 6 April 1914, she ran aground off Swinemünde but was pulled free without damage. During the Kiel Week sailing regatta in July 1914, (Grand Admiral) Alfred von Tirpitz came aboard to observe the festivities, which coincided with a visit from the British 2nd Battle Squadron. During the visit, British ambassador Edward Goschen visited Tirpitz aboard the ship, when news of the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand arrived. On 31 July, days after Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia but before Germany entered the war, went into drydock at the (Imperial Shipyard) in Kiel for repairs in preparation for the coming conflict. The overhaul had already been scheduled, but it was allowed to proceed since her crew could be used for more urgently needed activities.
World War I