The Battle of White Plains took place during the New York and New Jersey campaign of the American Revolutionary War on October 28, 1776, near White Plains, New York. Following the retreat of George Washington's Continental Army northward from New York City, British General William Howe landed troops in Westchester County, intending to cut off Washington's escape route. Alerted to this move, Washington retreated farther, establishing a position in the village of White Plains but failing to establish firm control over local high ground.
Howe's troops drove Washington's troops from a mountain near the village; following this loss, Washington ordered the Americans to retreat farther north. Later British movements chased Washington across New Jersey and into Pennsylvania. Washington then crossed the Delaware and surprised a brigade of Hessian troops in the December 26 Battle of Trenton.
Background
British General William Howe, after evacuating Boston in March 1776, regrouped in Halifax, Nova Scotia, and embarked in June on a campaign to gain control of New York City.Schecter, pp. 85, 97 The campaign began with an unopposed landing on Staten Island in early July. British troops made another unopposed landing, on Long Island, on August 22, south of the areas where General George Washington's Continental Army had organized significant defenses around Brooklyn Heights.Schecter, pp. 100, 118–127
After losing the Battle of Long Island on August 27, Washington and his army of 9,000 troops escaped on the night of August 29–30 to York Island (as Manhattan was then called).McCullough, 1776, pp. 188–191 Howe followed up with a landing on Manhattan on September 15, but his advance was checked the next day at Harlem Heights. After an abortive landing at Throg's Neck, he landed troops with some resistance at Pell's Point on October 18 to begin an encircling maneuver that was intended to trap Washington's army between that force, his troops in Manhattan, and the Hudson River, which was dominated by warships of the Royal Navy.Schecter, pp. 179–230 Howe established a camp at New Rochelle, but advance elements of his army were near Mamaroneck, only from White Plains, where there was a lightly defended Continental Army supply depot.
On October 20, Washington sent Colonel Rufus Putnam out on a reconnaissance mission from his camp at Harlem Heights.Hubbard, Robert Ernest. General Rufus Putnam: George Washington's Chief Military Engineer and the "Father of Ohio," p. 55, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina. . Putnam discovered the general placement of the British troop locations and recognized the danger to the army and its supplies.Schecter, p. 232Hubbard, Robert Ernest. General Rufus Putnam: George Washington's Chief Military Engineer and the "Father of Ohio," pp. 55–56, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina. . When he reported this to Washington that evening, Washington immediately dispatched Putnam with orders to Lord Stirling, whose troops were furthest north, to immediately march to White Plains. They arrived at White Plains at 9:00 am on October 21, and were followed by other units of the army as the day progressed.Schecter, p. 233Hubbard, Robert Ernest. General Rufus Putnam: George Washington's Chief Military Engineer and the "Father of Ohio," pp. 55–57, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina. . Washington decided to withdraw most of the army to White Plains,Lengel, p. 161 leaving a garrison of 1,200 men under Nathanael Greene to defend Fort Washington on Manhattan.
Howe's army advanced slowly, with troops from his center and right moving along the road from New Rochelle to White Plains, while a unit of Loyalists occupied Mamaroneck. The latter was attacked that night by a detachment of Lord Stirling's troops under John Haslet, who took more than thirty prisoners as well as supplies, but suffered several killed and 15 wounded. As a result, Howe moved elements of his right wing to occupy Mamaroneck.Dawson, pp. 252–253 On October 22, Howe was reinforced by the landing at New Rochelle of an additional 8,000 troops under the command of Wilhelm von Knyphausen.Schecter, p. 231
Washington established his headquarters at the Elijah Miller House in North White Plains on October 23, and chose a defensive position that he fortified with two lines of entrenchments.Greene, p. 52 The trenches were situated on raised terrain, protected on the right by the swampy ground near the Bronx River, with steeper hills further back as a place of retreat. The American defenses were long. Beyond that, on the right, was Chatterton's Hill, which commanded the plain over which the British would have to advance. The hill was initially occupied by militia companies numbering several hundred, probably including John Brooks' Massachusetts militia company.Dawson, p. 261
On October 24 and 25, Howe's army moved from New Rochelle to Scarsdale, where they established a camp covering the eastern bank of the Bronx River. This move was apparently made in the hopes of catching Charles Lee's column, which had to alter its route toward White Plains and execute a forced march at night to avoid them.Dawson, pp. 258–259 Howe remained at Scarsdale until the morning of October 28, when his forces marched toward White Plains, with British troops on the right under General Henry Clinton, and primarily Hessian troops on the left under General von Heister.Hubbard, Robert Ernest. General Rufus Putnam: George Washington's Chief Military Engineer and the "Father of Ohio," pp. 57–59, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina. .Dawson, p. 260
Order of battle
British and Hessians British
British troops involved included:Duncan, pp. 254, 256, 257, 259, 261.
16th Regiment of (Light) Dragoons 17th Regiment of (Light) Dragoons 1st Battalion, Guards Brigade 2nd Battalion, Guards Brigade 5th Regiment of Foot (Northumberland Fusiliers) 23rd Regiment of Foot (Royal Welsh Fusiliers) 27th Regiment of Foot 28th Regiment of Foot 35th Regiment of Foot 42nd (Royal Highland, The Black Watch) Regiment of Foot 49th Regiment of Foot 52nd Regiment of Foot No.1 Company, 4th Battalion, Royal Artillery No.2 Company, 4th Battalion, Royal Artillery No.4 Company, 4th Battalion, Royal Artillery (specially thanked in general orders) No.5 Company, 4th Battalion, Royal Artillery (thanked in general orders) No.8 Company, 4th Battalion, Royal Artillery (thanked in general orders) Hessians
Grenadier Regiment von RahlSmith, p. 188. Fusilier Regiment von Knyphausen
Americans American (continental) forces in the battle included:Fischer, pp. 385–388.
Spencer's Division Parson's Brigade under Brigadier General Samuel Holden Parsons 10th Continental Regiment (6th Connecticut) 20th Continental Regiment (20th Connecticut) 21st Continental Regiment (Ward's Militia) Wadsworth's Brigade under Brigadier General James Wadsworth Gay's Battalion Selden's Battalion Douglas' Battalion Delaware Regiment 1st New York Regiment 3rd New York Regiment Maryland Regiment Connecticut Regiment Brook's New York Militia Graham's Massachusetts Militia 10th Albany Regiment (Manor of Livingston Regiment) New York
Battle
While Washington was inspecting the terrain to determine where it was best to station his troops, messengers alerted him that the British were advancing.Lengel p. 162 Returning to his headquarters, he ordered the 2nd Connecticut Regiment under Joseph Spencer out to slow the British advance, and sent Haslet and the 1st Delaware Regiment, along with Alexander McDougall's brigade (Rudolphus Ritzema's 3rd New York Regiment, Charles Webb's 19th Continental Regiment, William Smallwood's 1st Maryland Regiment, and the 1st New York Regiment and 2nd New York Regiments) to reinforce Chatterton Hill.
Spencer's force advanced to a position on the old York road at Hart's corners (Hartsdale, New York) and there exchanged fire with the Hessians led by Colonel Johann Rall that were at the head of the British left column. When Clinton's column threatened their flank, these companies were forced into a retreat across the Bronx River that was initially orderly with pauses to fire from behind stone walls while fire from the troops on Chatterton Hill covered their move, but turned into a rout with the appearance of dragoons. Rall's troops attempted to gain the hill, but were repelled by fire from Haslet's troops and the militia,Schecter, p. 238 and retreated to a nearby hilltop on the same side of the river. This concerted defense brought the entire British Army, which was maneuvering as if to attack the entire American line, to a stop.Dawson, pp. 262–263
While Howe and his command conferred, the Hessian artillery on the left opened fire on the hilltop position, where they succeeded in driving the militia into a panicked retreat. The arrival of McDougall and his brigade helped to rally them, and a defensive line was established, with the militia on the right and the Continentals arrayed along the top of the hill.Dawson, p. 263 Howe finally issued orders, and while most of his army waited, a detachment of British and Hessian troops was sent to take the hill.Dawson, p. 264
The British attack was organized with Hessian regiments leading the assault. Rall was to charge the American right, while a Hessian battalion under Colonel Carl von Donop (consisting of the Linsing, Minnigerode, Lengerke and Kochler grenadiers, and Donop's own chasseur regiment) was to attack the center. A British column under General Alexander Leslie (consisting of the 5th, 28th, 35th, and 49th foot) was to attack the right. Donop's force either had difficulty crossing the river or was reluctant to do so, and elements of the British force were the first to cross. Rall's charge scattered the militia on the American right, leaving the flank of the Maryland and New York regiments exposed as they poured musket fire onto the British attackers, which temporarily halted their advance. The exposure of their flank caused them to begin a fighting retreat, which progressively forced the remainder of the American line, which had engaged with the other segments of the British force, to give way and retreat. Haslet's Delaware regiment, which anchored the American left, provided covering fire while the remaining troops retreated to the north, and were the last to leave the hill.Dawson, pp. 265–267 The fighting was intense, and both sides suffered significant casualties before the Continentals made a disciplined retreat.Schecter, p. 240
Aftermath
John Fortescue's History of the British Army says that Howe's casualties numbered 214 British and 99 Hessians.Boatner, p. 1201 However, Rodney Atwood points out that Fortescue's figure for the Hessians includes the entire Hessian casualties from 19 to 28 October and that in fact only 53 of these casualties were incurred at the Battle of White Plains.Atwood, p. 75 This revised figure would give a total of 267 British and Hessians killed, wounded or missing at White Plains. Henry Dawson, on the other hand, gives Howe's loss as 47 killed, 182 wounded and four missing.Hubbard, Robert Ernest. General Rufus Putnam: George Washington's Chief Military Engineer and the "Father of Ohio," p. 59, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina. . The American loss is uncertain. Theodore Savas and J. David Dameron give a range of 150–500 killed, wounded and captured.Savas and Dameron, p. 80 Samuel Roads numbers the casualties of 47 killed and 70 wounded.Roads, Chapter VIII, p. 153 Henry Dawson estimates 50 killed, 150 wounded and 17 missing for McDougall's and Spencer's commands but has no information on the losses in Haslet's regiment.