was a feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan, located in southern Mutsu Province. It was centered on Nihonmatsu Castle in what is now the city of Nihonmatsu, Fukushima, and its territory included all of Nihonmatsu, Motomiya, Ōtama and most of the present-day city of Kōriyama. For most of its history it was ruled by the Niwa clan. The Nihonmatsu Domain was also the scene of a major battle of the Boshin War of the Meiji Restoration.
History
The area around Nihonmatsu was territory of the Hatakeyama clan during the late Kamakura and Muromachi periods. In 1586, Date Masamune destroyed the Hatakeyama and annexed the area to his territories. However, following the Siege of Odawara (1590), Toyotomi Hideyoshi re-assigned the area to Aizu Domain under the rule of the Gamō clan. Hideyoshi later reduced the holdings of the Gamō clan, giving Nihonmatsu and surrounding areas to Asano Nagamasa. This change was very short-lived, as Aizu domain was then reassigned to the Uesugi clan, and their holdings were expanded to encompass Nihonmatsu. The Uesugi were then shifted to Yonezawa Domain following the Battle of Sekigahara by Tokugawa Ieyasu. The Gamō recovered Nihonmatsu, but the domain was soon beset by a variety of natural disasters, including a massive earthquake, bad weather and flooding, leading to crop failure and widespread famine. This in turn led to a peasant revolt, and the Gamō clan was eventually dispossessed by the Tokugawa shogunate and sent to Iyo Province in Shikoku.
In 1627, Matsushita Shigetsuna, daimyō of Karasuyama Domain and the son-in-law of Katō Yoshiaki was transferred to the re-established Nihonmatsu Domain, with a kokudaka of 50,000 koku. He died a few months later, and his son was transferred to the much smaller Miharu Domain in 1628.
The Matsushita were replaced by Katō Akitoshi, the third son of Katō Yoshiaki, who had formerly held Miharu Domain. The Katō clan took steps to increase their revenues by development of new rice lands and development of non-rice based sources of income. However, their efforts were complicated by increasing demands for military support from the shogunate in policing the northern frontier areas of Ezo. The situation became critical in 1642–1643, after a crop failure. Many peasants were forced to sell themselves into servitude to pay for the high taxation, leading to unrest and even a revolt by senior retainers. As a result, the Katō were replaced by the Niwa clan, formerly of Shirakawa Domain, with an increase in the nominal kokudaka of the domain to 100,700 koku.
The Niwa rebuilt Nihonmatsu Castle and reformed the domain's financial situation and remained in control of Nihonmatsu until the Meiji Restoration. The Niwa clan had sided against the Tokugawa at the Battle of Sekigahara and was dispossessed. The victorious Tokugawa Ieyasu chose to be magnanimous, and with the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate, awarded Niwa Nagashige with a 10,000 koku domain in Hitachi Province. Nagashige's forces fought well at the 1614 Siege of Osaka, and in 1619 his revenues were increased to 20,000 koku, and in 1622 he was transferred to the 50,000 koku Tanakura Domain in Mutsu Province. In 1627, he was transferred once again to Shirakawa Domain, at 100,700 koku. They were assigned repair work on the Nikkō Tōshōgū, Zōjō-ji and various tasks by Tokugawa shogunate which proved a severe drain on their resources. Despite efforts at fiscal and land reform, the domain was deeply in debt, which was complicated during the time of the 7th daimyō, Niwa Nagayoshi, when the Great Tenmei famine struck. The 9th daimyō, Niwa Nagatomi, built a han school, but also suffered a problem when some of his senior retainers absconded with 3400 ryō of domain funds shortly before the domain was hit by the Tenpō famine. During the Bakumatsu period, the 10th daimyō, Niwa Nagakuni, was assigned to the defense of Edo Bay, and with the start of the Boshin War, joined the Ōuetsu Reppan Dōmei. The domain’s forces were defeated in battle by the Satchō Alliance, Nihonmatsu Castle was burned, and he was forced to flee to Yonezawa Domain. His successor, Niwa Nagahiro made peace with the imperial forces but with a domain reduced in status to 50,700 koku.
After the abolition of the han system in July 1871, Nihonmatsu became part of Nihonmatsu Prefecture, which later became part of Fukushima Prefecture.
Holdings at the end of the Edo period As with most domains in the han system, Nihonmatsu Domain consisted of several discontinuous territories calculated to provide the assigned kokudaka, based on periodic cadastral surveys and projected agricultural yields.Mass, Jeffrey P. and William B. Hauser. (1987). The Bakufu in Japanese History, p. 150.Elison, George and Bardwell L. Smith (1987). Warlords, Artists, & Commoners: Japan in the Sixteenth Century, p. 18.
Mutsu Province (Iwashiro Province) 74 villages in Adachi District 42 villages in Shinobu District 37 villages in Asaka District
List of daimyō #Name Tenure Courtesy title Court Rank kokudakaNotes Matsushita clan (tozama) 1627-162811627–1627Iwami-no-kami (石見守) Junior 5th Rank, Lower Grade (従五位下) 30,000 kokuTransfer from Karasuyama Domain21627–1628Iwami-no-kami (石見守) Junior 5th Rank, Lower Grade (従五位下) 30,000 kokuTransfer to Miharu Domain Katō clan (tozama) 1628–164111628–1641Minbu-daifu (民部大輔) Junior 5th Rank, Lower Grade (従五位下) 30,000 kokuTransfer from Miharu Domain Niwa clan (tozama) 1641–187111643–1679Sakyō-no-daifu (左京大夫); Jijū(侍従) Junior 4th Rank, Lower Grade (従四位下) 100,700 kokuTransfer from Shirakawa Domain21679–1698Sakyō-no-daifu (左京大夫); Junior 4th Rank, Lower Grade (従四位下) 100,700 koku31698–1700Echizen-no-kami (越前守) Junior 5th Rank, Lower Grade (従五位下) 100,700 koku41701–1728Sakyō-no-daifu (左京大夫); Junior 4th Rank, Lower Grade (従四位下) 100,700 koku51728–1745Sakyō-no-daifu (左京大夫); Junior 4th Rank, Lower Grade (従四位下) 100,700 koku61745–1765Wakasa-no-kami (若狭守); Junior 4th Rank, Lower Grade (従四位下) 100,700 koku71766–1796Sakyō-no-daifu (左京大夫); Jijū(侍従) Junior 4th Rank, Lower Grade (従四位下) 100,700 koku81796–1813Sakyō-no-daifu (左京大夫); Junior 4th Rank, Lower Grade (従四位下) 100,700 koku91813–1858Sakyō-no-daifu (左京大夫); Jijū(侍従) Junior 4th Rank, Lower Grade (従四位下)) 100,700 koku101858–1868Sakyō-no-daifu (左京大夫); Jijū(侍従) Junior 4th Rank, Lower Grade (従四位下) 100,700 → 50,700 koku111868–1871-none- Junior 5th (五位下) 50,700 koku
Niwa Mitsushige
was the 2nd Niwa daimyō of Shirakawa Domain, and 2nd hereditary chieftain of the Niwa clan. Mitsushige was the third son of Niwa Nagashige. As both of his older brothers died in childhood, he was named heir in 1628. In 1634, he was received in formal audience by Shōgun Tokugawa Iemitsu, and received a kanji from Iemitsu's name, becoming Niwa Mitsushige. In 1643, the Tokugawa shogunate ordered the Niwa clan to relocate to Nihonmatsu. Upon entering Nihonmatsu Castle in 1644, he immediately embarked on a program to rebuild the surrounding jōkamachi. Mitsushige was also noted as a patron of the arts, and especially favoured the Sekishū-branch of the Japanese tea ceremony. He was also a painter, having been trained in the Kanō school, using the pseudonym Gyokuhō (玉峰). He retired from public life in 1679, turning the domain over to his eldest son Niwa Nagatsugu. He died in 1701. His courtesy title was Saikyō-no-daifu, and his Court rank was Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade.
Niwa Nagatsugu was the 2nd Niwa daimyō of Nihonmatsu Domain, and 3rd hereditary chieftain of the Niwa clan. His courtesy title was Saikyō-no-daifu, and his Court rank was Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade. He was the eldest son of Niwa Mitsushige, and was received in formal audience by Shōgun Tokugawa Ietsuna in 1653. He became daimyō in 1679 on the retirement of his father. He did not share his father's love of the arts, or of Confucianism, and his tenure was largely uneventful. In 1692, he received the honorary court title of chamberlain (Jijū) shortly before his death. As he had no son, the domain went to his younger brother.
Niwa Nagayuki was the 3rd Niwa daimyō of Nihonmatsu Domain, and 4th hereditary chieftain of the Niwa clan. His courtesy title was Echizen-no-kami, and his Court rank was Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade. He was the younger brother of Niwa Nagatsugu, and was received in formal audience by Shōgun Tokugawa Tsunayoshi in 1684. He became daimyō in 1692 on the death of his brother. He had a son and daughter by a concubine, but never took a formal wife. His grave is at the temple of Dairin-ji in Nihonmatsu.
Niwa Hidenobu was the 4th Niwa daimyō of Nihonmatsu Domain, and 5th hereditary chieftain of the Niwa clan. His courtesy title was Saikyō-no-daifu, and his Court rank was Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade. He was the eldest son of Niwa Nagayuki and became daimyō in 1701 on the death of his brother. He was received in formal audience by Shōgun Tokugawa Tsunayoshi the same year. His wife was a daughter of Abe Masakune of Fukuyama Domain. He died in 1728 without heir. His grave is at the temple of Dairin-ji in Nihonmatsu.
Niwa Takahiro was the 5th Niwa daimyō of Nihonmatsu Domain, and 6th hereditary chieftain of the Niwa clan. His courtesy title was Saikyō-no-daifu, and his Court rank was Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade. He was a hatamoto descendant of the sixth son of Niwa Nagahide and was posthumously adopted by the childless Niwa Hidenobu to become daimyō in 1728. He was received in formal audience by Sh Jijū gun Tokugawa Yoshimune the same year. His wife was a daughter of Niwa Nagayuki. He retired in 1745 due to illness. He died in 1769. His grave is at the temple of Dairin-ji in Nihonmatsu.
Niwa Takayasu was the 6th Niwa daimyō of Nihonmatsu Domain, and 7th hereditary chieftain of the Niwa clan. His courtesy title was Wakasa-no-kami, and his Court rank was Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade. He was the eldest son of Niwa Takahiro and was received in formal audience by Shōgun Tokugawa Yoshimune in 1741. He became daimyō in 1745 on the retirement of his father. In 1747, the domain was ordered by the shogunate to undertake flood control projects on the Kiso, Ibi and Nagara Rivers in Owari Province, work which was part of the 1754 Hōreki River incident. Takayasu was married to a daughter of Tokugawa Munenao of Kishū Domain. He predeceased his father in 1766. His grave is at the temple of Dairin-ji in Nihonmatsu.
Niwa Nagayoshi was the 7th Niwa daimyō of Nihonmatsu Domain, and 8th hereditary chieftain of the Niwa clan. His courtesy title was Saikyō-no-daifu, and his Court rank was Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade. He was the eldest son of Niwa Takayasu by a concubine and became daimyō in 1766 on the death of his father. He was received in formal audience by Shōgun Tokugawa Ieharu the same year. He was married to a daughter of Date Muratoki of Uwajima Domain. During his tenure, the domain suffered from the effects of the Great Tenmei famine. He died in 1796 and his grave is at the temple of Dairin-ji in Nihonmatsu.
Niwa Nagaakira
was the 8th Niwa daimyō of Nihonmatsu Domain, and 9th hereditary chieftain of the Niwa clan. His courtesy title was Saikyō-no-daifu, and his Court rank was Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade. He was the eldest son of Niwa Nagayoshi by a concubine. He was received in formal audience by Shōgun Tokugawa Ienari in 1792, and became daimyō in 1796 on the death of his father. He was married to a daughter of Arima Yoritaka of Kurume Domain. He died in 1813 and his grave is at the temple of Dairin-ji in Nihonmatsu.
Niwa Nagatomi