Marshal of Aviation Ivan Nikitovich Kozhedub (; ; 8 June 1920 – 8 August 1991) was a Soviet aviator who first came to prominence as a World War II fighter ace. Universally credited with over 60 solo victories, he is considered to be the highest scoring Soviet and Allied fighter pilot of World War II. Kozhedub is one of the few pilots confirmed to have shot down a Messerschmitt Me 262 jet, and the first Soviet pilot to have done so. He was made a Hero of the Soviet Union on three occasions (4 February 1944, 19 August 1944, and 18 August 1945). After World War II, he remained in the military and went on to command the 324th Fighter Aviation Division during Soviet operations in the Korean War.
During the remainder of his military career, Kozhedub accumulated additional titles as a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (1946-1962) and as Chairman of the Federation of Aviation Sports (1967-1987). He was promoted to Marshal of Aviation in 1985 and retired later that year, concluding 45 years of service in the Soviet Air Forces. Kozhedub lived in Moscow until he died in 1991, and was buried in Novodevichy cemetery.
Early life Kozhedub was born on 8 June 1920 to a Ukrainian family in the village of Obrazhiivka, in Chernigov Governorate, located within what is now Shostka Raion of Ukraine's Sumy Oblast. After graduating from his seventh grade of school in his hometown in 1934 he went on to complete two more years of school in Shostka. There he initially worked as a librarian until completing his ninth grade of school in 1936, and from that year to 1940 he attended the Shostka Chemical Technology College. In addition to his studies, he attended training at the local aeroclub, from which he graduated in 1939. He subsequently joined the Red Army in February 1940, and in January 1941 he graduated from training at the Chuhuiv Military Aviation School of Pilots, where he initially learned to fly the UT-2, UTI-4, and I-16. Remaining at the school as a flight instructor, he continued to train pilots after the school was forced to evacuate to Shymkent in the autumn of 1941 due to the German invasion of the Soviet Union. He was sent to Moscow in November 1942, where was posted to the 240th Fighter Aviation Regiment, but he did not arrive on the warfront until March 1943 when the 302nd Fighter Aviation Division was deployed to the Voronezh Front.
World War II Despite having started in the regiment as a regular pilot, he quickly mastered the new La-5 and was promoted to flight commander. He opened his tally on 6 July 1943 with the shootdown of a Ju 87 dive bomber. Kozhedub became friends with Kirill Yevstigneev, an accomplished flying ace; although they did not often fly together, Kozhedub acquired many of his tactics and, in a spirit of competition, they shared their experiences using different techniques. Vasily Mukhin, who often flew as Kozhedub's wingman, also went on to become a flying ace.Yevstigneev, Kirill Крылатая гвардия. - М.: Воениздат, 1982
Over the next few months Kozhedub steadily gained more aerial victories and a promotion to squadron commander, but in the first half of October he rapidly increased his tally with 14 shootdowns. On 10 October 1943 he was nominated for the title Hero of the Soviet Union for flying 146 sorties, engaging in 27 aerial battles, and totaling 20 aerial victories; he was awarded the title on 4 February 1944.
In July 1944 the 240th Fighter Regiment was honored with the Guards designation and renamed the 178th Fighter Aviation Regiment, and Kozhedub was nominated for a second gold star for 46 aerial victories across 256 sorties. He did not stay with his regiment much longer, though, having been reassigned as the deputy commander of the 176th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment, a special "free-hunting" regiment equipped with the new Lavochkin La-7 fighter, per the initiative of Chief Marshal of Aviation Aleksandr Novikov. There, he was rarely assigned such specific missions as escorting other aircraft or providing air support for troops, enabling him and his subordinates to tally more aerial victories. In mid-February 1945, during a free-hunting mission in an area south of Frankfurt with his wingman Dmitry Titarenko, Kozhedub shot down an Me 262 jet, thereby becoming the first Soviet pilot to do so. When Kozhedub and Titarenko encountered the Me 262, Kozhedub quickly accelerated from low to full speed; when the Me 262 banked left and slowed — spooked by tracer rounds fired by Titarenko — Kozhedub shot it down.
By the end of the war, Kozhedub tallied 330 sorties, had engaged in 120 dogfights, and had shot down 64 enemy aircraft. Having gained all his aerial victories on the La-5F, La-5FN, and La-7, he expressed his strong preference for Lavochkin fighters, and met with Semyon Lavochkin to comment on various aspects of the fighters' designs. Having been nominated for a third gold star in May 1945, he became thrice a Hero of the Soviet Union on 18 August 1945, and remained deputy commander of the 176th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment based in Schönwalde until September that year.
Preferring short, intense attacks to stun and bring down enemy aircraft, one favorite technique he developed and used in the war involved darting at a target from below and subsequently opening fire only when extremely close. Kozhedub used this tactic very successfully against the Ju 87 dive bomber, gaining him an unsurpassed 18 shootdowns of the type (equal with Arseny Vorozheykin). However, being so risky, the manoeuvre was neither promoted nor taught to young pilots. Though never shot down throughout the war, Kozhedub did experience several close calls. He nevertheless always managed to land his airplane, regardless of damage.
Post-war era
Upon returning to the USSR, Kozhedub attended the Air Force Academy, based in Monino, graduating in May 1949. He was originally to be posted as deputy commander of the 31st Fighter Aviation Division based in Baku, but — per orders 'from above' owing to his high status as a top flying ace — he was reassigned to the 324th Fighter Aviation Division. He initially served as assistant commander for flight training, but was soon promoted to command of the division in November 1950. Shortly thereafter the unit was sent to China, where they initially trained Chinese and North Korean pilots. Kozhedub, despite being one of the first pilots to master the MiG-15 fighter jet back in 1949, was strictly forbidden from participating in combat sorties by order of his commanding officers. His division consisted of only two regiments (the 176th Guards and 196th Fighter Aviation Regiments), rather than the usual three. Nevertheless, pilots of his division claimed 216 aerial victories in Korea from April 1951 to February 1952, while sustaining only 27 MiG-15 losses and nine pilots killed.
Upon its return to the Soviet Union in February 1952, the 324th Fighter Division was stationed in Kaluga as an air defense unit. The following year he was promoted to the rank of major-general, and in February 1955 attended the High Command Academy, graduating in 1956. He then served as deputy head of the air force's combat-training and frontline aviation-training directorates. Having become the 1st deputy commander of the 76th Air Army in April 1958, he visited Cuba alongside the unit's commander Viktor Davidkov from 1962 to 1963. From 1964 to February 1971 he served as 1st deputy commander of the air force of the Moscow Military District, although he ceased flying in 1969. From 1971 to 1978 he served as deputy chief of combat training of the air force, and subsequently became a military advisor in the Ministry of Defense; in 1985 he was promoted to the rank of Marshal of Aviation. During his career as a pilot, he totaled 1937 flight hours, piloting the Yak-3, Yak-11, Yak-17, Yak-28, MiG-15, MiG-17, MiG-21, Li-2, and Il-14 airplanes and the Mi-4 and Mi-8 helicopters.
Beyond his military duties, he served as a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR from 1946 to 1962 and chairman of the Federation of Aviation Sports from 1967 to 1987.
He resided in Moscow for the rest of his life, where he died of a heart attack on 8 August 1991 and was buried in the Novodevichy cemetery.
List of aerial victories
According to Soviet aces 1941–1945. The victories of Stalin's Falcons () by Mikhail Bykov.
##DateA/c typeLocation16 July 1943Ju 87west of Zavidivka27 July 1943Ju 87Gostishchevo station39 July 1943Bf 109Krasna Polyana49 July 1943Bf 109east of Pokrovka59 August 1943Bf 109Prelestny614 August 1943Bf 109Iskrivka714 August 1943Bf 109Kolomna816 August 1943Ju 87Rohan922 August 1943Fw 190Liubotyn109 September 1943Bf 109north of Iskrivka1130 September 1943Ju 87south-west of Borodayivka121 October 1943Ju 87west of Borodayivka131 October 1943Ju 87west of Borodayivka142 October 1943Bf 109Ploskoye152 October 1943Ju 87Petrivka162 October 1943Ju 87south-west of Andriivka172 October 1943Ju 87south-west of Andriivka184 October 1943Bf 109north-west of Borodayivka195 October 1943Bf 109south-west of Krasny Kut205 October 1943Bf 109west of Kutsevalivka216 October 1943Bf 109Borodayivka2210 October 1943Bf 109Dnsprovo-Kamyanka2312 October 1943Ju 87north of Ploske2412 October 1943Bf 109south of Petrivka2512 October 1943Ju 87south of Domotkan2629 October 1943Ju 87Kryvyi Rih2729 October 1943He 111west of Budivka2816 January 1944Bf 109Novo-Zlynka2930 January 1944Bf 109east of Nechayivka3030 January 1944Ju 87west of Lipivka3114 March 1944Ju 87Osiyivka3221 March 1944Ju 87Lebedyn — Shpola3311 April 1944PZL P.24Syrka3419 April 1944He 111north of Iaşi3528 April 1944Ju 87south-east of Vulturu3629 April 1944Hs 129Horleşti3729 April 1944Hs 129Horleşti383 May 1944Ju 87Târgu Frumos — Dumbrăviţa3931 May 1944Fw 190east of Vulturu401 June 1944Ju 87Cuza Vodă412 June 1944Hs 129west of Stânca423 June 1944Fw 190Rediu Ului — Tătăr433 June 1944Fw 190Rediu Ului — Tătăr443 June 1944Fw 190north-west of Iaşi457 June 1944Bf 109Pârliţa468 June 1944Bf 109Cârpiţi4722 September 1944Fw 190north-west of Strenči4822 September 1944Fw 190south-west of Rāmnieki — Daksti4925 September 1944Fw 190north-west of Valmiera5016 January 1945Fw 190south of Studziana5110 February 1945Fw 190north-west of Mohrin airfield5212 February 1945Fw 190west of Kinitz5312 February 1945Fw 190west of Kinitz5412 February 1945Fw 190Kietzer See Lake5517 February 1945Me 262east of Alt Friedland5619 February 1945Bf 109north of Fürstenfelde5711 March 1945Fw 190north of Brünchen5818 March 1945Fw 190north of Küstrin5918 March 1945Fw 190north-west of Küstrin6022 March 1945Fw 190north of Seelow6122 March 1945Fw 190east of Gusow6223 March 1945Fw 190Werbig station6317 April 1945Fw 190Wriezen6417 April 1945Fw 190Kinitz Until August 1944 Kozhedub was flying on Lavochkin La-5, after that Lavochkin La-7.
Alleged shootdown of two USAAF P-51 fighters Russian historian Nikolay Bodrikhin, in Loyalty to the Motherland, Seeking the Fight (2006) and elsewhere, claims that while over Berlin on April 17th 1945 Kozhedub encountered a group of American B-17 Flying Fortresses under attack by Luftwaffe aircraft, and their P-51 escort mistook him for the enemy. Following this he claims that Kozhedub, having no other option, defended himself by shooting down two of the P-51s.