The Large Prajñāpāramitā Sūtras (Skt. Mahāprajñāpāramitā, ) is a group or family of Mahayana sutras of the Prajñāpāramitā (PP) genre.Zacchetti 2005 p. 17. Modern scholars consider these to be later expansions based on the earlier Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra, which is seen as a prototype of the Larger sutras.Nattier 1992, pp. 158, 202Conze, Edward (1974). The Gilgit manuscript of the Aṣṭādaśasāhasrikāprajñāpāramitā, chapters 70 to 82, corresponding to the 6th, 7th and 8th Abhisamayas. Series Orientale Roma, 46, Roma, 1962, reprint 1974.Buswell Jr., Robert E; Lopez Jr. Donald S. (2013). The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism, p. 618. Princeton University Press.Prebish, Charles S. (2010). Buddhism: A Modern Perspective, p. 70. Penn State Press.
The various versions and translations of the "Large" Prajñāpāramitā Sūtras contain much shared content, as well as various differences, including being significantly different in terms of length (which is measured in ślokas, often translated as "lines").Conze, Edward (1994). The Perfection of Wisdom in Eight Thousand Lines and Its Verse Summary (Bibliotheca Indo-Buddhica), p. xi. South Asia Books; New edition, October 19, 1994. .
Overview
In the Tibetan Buddhist tradition, Prajñāpāramitā sutras are divided into long, medium, and short texts.ACI (1993). Buddhist Refuge, Class 1 (PDF). Asian Classics Institute Course II: Buddhist Refuge-November 1993. Archived from the original (PDF) August 23, 2018. Edward Conze, one of the first Western scholars to extensively study this literature, saw the three largest Prajñāpāramitā sutras as being different versions of one sutra, which he just called the "Large Prajñāpāramitā".Makransky, John J. (1997). Buddhahood Embodied: Sources of Controversy in India and Tibet, pp. 109. SUNY Press. Similarly, Lewis Lancaster writes that these three sutras "contain basically the same text, their length being determined by the amount of repetition."
However, other scholars like Stefano Zachetti disagree that they are one text. According to Zachetti, this is a "textual family," which he terms the "Larger Prajñāpāramitā" and is:a group of texts that share a number of common features in structure, content, wording, etc. They exhibit a family resemblance, so to speak, fluid and not always easy to define, but significant enough to set them apart from other texts (especially the Aṣṭasāhasrikā PP) as a distinct group. Yet the members of this Larger PP group are differentiated by complex patterns of variation at a variety of levels significant enough to prevent us from classifying them just as one single text.Zacchetti 2005 p. 36.According to Zacchetti, there are a "considerable number of [Sanskrit] manuscripts" belonging to the "textual family" he calls the "Larger PP texts". Zachetti writes that these manuscripts "greatly differ in age, origin, and size - from sometime around the 6th century to the 19th century AD, and from tiny fragments to complete or nearly complete manuscripts."
According to Shogo Watanabe "as the number of Prajñāpāramitā texts multiplied in India, it became necessary to give them separate designations for the sake of identification. This was accomplished at a later date by naming them according to the number of lines that they contained."Shogo Watanabe, A comparative study of the 'Pancavimsatisahasrika Prajnaparamita'. The Journal of the American Oriental Society Vol.114 No.3 (July-Sep 1994), pp.386-396. However, Watanabe notes that this naming convention was not often used in China and Chinese translations are instead often named according to the first chapter of the sutra. The number of "lines" listed in these titles are also not exact and they often vary in different manuscripts and editions (sometimes by hundreds of verses). The three main Large Prajñāpāramitā sutra versions are the Prajñāpāramitā in 18,000, 25,000 and 100,000 lines.Williams, Paul (2008). Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundation, p. 48. Routledge. According to Lenagala Siriniwasa Thero, there is also a Nepalese manuscript of a "Mūlabruhatprajñāpāramitā Sutra" that contains over 125,000 lines.Thero, Lenagala Siriniwasa. A comparative study on Sūnyatāvāda with reference to Aṣṭasāhasrikā prajñāpāramitā sūtra and Mahāsuññata sutta in Theravāda Buddhist and Pali University of Sri Lanka.
According to Joseph Walser, the three Large Prajñāpāramitā sutras show some doctrinal connection with the Dharmaguptaka school.Walser, Joseph (2005). Nagarjuna in Context: Mahayana Buddhism and Early Indian Culture Hardcover, pp. 233-234. Columbia University Press, . Walser notes that the 25,000 and the 100,000 line sutras reproduce a list of six kinds of emptinesses found in the Dharmaguptaka Śāriputrābhidharma-śāstra.
Zacchetti notes that this division into three main versions (of 18, 25, and 100 thousand ślokas or akṣaras) does not appear in Buddhist sources until the time of Bodhiruci (6th century). Before this time, the term "Larger Prajñāpāramitā" was used rather loosely to refer to PP sutras larger than 17,000 lines. It is likely that this way of classifying the Longer PP sutras only became widespread later (after the 6th century), when it became the main schema for classifying three different long versions in the translations of Xuánzàng (7th century) as well as in the Tibetan canon.Zacchetti 2005 p. 40.
Chinese sources also use the term "Large Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra" to refer to an entire collection of 16 Prajñāpāramitā Sūtras which was translated by Xuánzàng.Wittern, Christian (2002). T05N0220 大般若波羅蜜多經. WWW Database of Chinese Buddhist texts, versjon 2A, 2. desember 2002.
The texts
Aṣṭadaśasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra The Aṣṭadaśasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra (18,000 line Perfection of Wisdom Sutra, Tibetan: ’phags pa shes rab kyi pha rol tu phyin pa khri brgyad stong pa zhes bya ba theg pa chen po’i mdo, Chinese: 會第, pinyin: Sānhuì dì sānhuì xù) is preserved in Sanskrit, and Tibetan, Chinese and Mongolian translations. The earliest Sanskrit manuscript of any the Larger Sutra texts is the Gilgit Manuscript of the Aṣṭadaśasāhasrikā, dating to the 5th or 6th century CE. Zacchetti estimates that the Gilgit manuscript contains between 18,000 and 20,000 slokas.Zacchetti 2005 p. 22.
Pañcaviṃśatisāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra The Pañcaviṃśatisāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra (25,000 line Perfection of Wisdom Sutra, T: shes rab kyi pha rol tu phyin pa stoq phrag nyi shu lnga pa, dum bu dang po, C: 摩訶般若波羅蜜經, pinyin: móhē bōyě bōluómì jīng) is found in several Sanskrit manuscripts from Nepal and Kashmir. There are two Tibetan translations (in the Tōhoku catalog, they are Tōh. 9 and Tōh. 3790).Ui, Hukuju; Suzuki, Munetada; Kanakura, Yenshō; Tada, Tōkan (1934). The Complete Catalog of the Tibetan Buddhist Canons (Bkaḩ-ḩgyur and Bstan-ḩgyur), pp. 4, 570. Tōhoku Imperial University and Saitō Gratitude Foundation, Sendai, Japan, August 1934.
This sutra also survives in four Chinese translations by four different translators: Moksala (c. 291 CE), Dharmaraksha (c. 286 CE), Kumārajīva (C. 403 CE), and Xuanzang (c. 660 - 663 CE).Taishō Shinshū Daizōkyō (大 正 新 修 大 大), volume 8, text no. 221 Zhōnghuá dàzángjīng (大 日本 續 藏經), volume 7, text no. 2Taishō Shinshū Daizōkyō (大 正 新 修 大 大 藏經), volume 8, text no. 222 Zhōnghuá dàzángjīng (大 日本 續 藏經), volume 7, text no. 4Taishō Shinshū Daizōkyō (大 正 新 修 大 大 藏經), volume 8, text no. 223 Zhōnghuá dàzángjīng (大 日本 續 藏經), volume 7, text no. 3Taishō Shinshū Daizōkyō (大 正 新 修 修 大 藏經), volume 7, text no. 220 , scrolls 401-478 Zhōnghuá dàzángjīng (大 日本 續 藏經), volume 1-6, text no. 1
Some Sanskrit manuscripts divide the sutra according to the eight sections of the Abhisamayālaṃkāra, Watanabe calls these "revised" editions (as opposed to an "unrevised" versions). The revised editions also includes numerous other additions and changes. According to Shogo Watanabe's comparative study of the various Large PP sutra sources, the Pañcaviṃśatisāhasrikā and the Aṣṭadaśasāhasrikā "are variant texts deriving from the same source." He posits an urtext from which both sutras developed.
Watanabe also notes that the Chinese translations by Xuanzang contain the most expansions and additions and this shows how the text grew over time.
Śatasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra
The Śatasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra, (100,000 line Perfection of Wisdom Sutra, T: shes rab kyi pha rol tu phyin pa strong phrag brgya pa, C: 初會, pinyin: chū hùi) exists in several Nepalese Sanskrit manuscripts.Bendall, Cecil (1883). Catalog of the Buddhist Sanskrit Manuscripts in the University Library, Cambridge. With Introductory Notices and Illustrations of the Paleography and Chronology of Nepal and Bengal (PDF), pp. 145-146. University Press, Cambridge, May 1883. Filed from the original (PDF) February 14, 2015.Pagngnaloka Thero, Deniyaye. On the Satasahasrika Prajnaparamita Manuscripts Preserved in Japan, University of Kelanya, Sri Lanka. There is also a Tibetan translation by Yeshé Dé (730–805) and a Chinese translation by Xuanzang in 400 scrolls entitled “The Initial Assembly” (初 會, chū huì).Stanley, D. Phillip (2005). (D.9) Catalog Record. The Tibetan and Himalayan Library, 2005.Taishō Shinshū Daizōkyō (大 正 新 修 修 大 藏經 藏經), Volumes 5–6, Text No. 220 Zhōnghuá dàzángjīng (大 日本 續 藏經), Volumes 1-6, Text No. 1
Recensions Zachetti writes that when one analyses the different texts in the Larger PP family, "we find that, intricate as their patterns of correspondence may be...they generally do not fall into groups along the lines of the version-classification."Zacchetti 2005 p. 42. This means that, for example, the Pañcaviṃśati in the Tibetan Kanjur is not actually closer to other texts which are also called Pañcaviṃśati (like Xuanzang's Pañcaviṃśati or the Nepalese recension), but it is actually more similar to the Sanskrit Śatasāhasrikā. Thus, Zachetti argues that there are different lines of transmission of a "Larger PP Ur-text" and that "each of these lines of transmission (or groups of texts), which I call recensions, may include (or might have included) different versions."
Zachetti's hypothetical schema of some of these different lines of transmission (which focuses on the Pañcaviṃśatisāhasrikā) outlines the following "main groupings of Larger PP texts":Zacchetti 2005 pp. 42-44.
Group A. The Tibetan Pañcaviṃśatisāhasrikā in the Kanjur and the Sanskrit Śatasāhasrikā. Group B. Xuanzang's Pañcaviṃśatisāhasrikā and his Śatasāhasrikā. Group C. The Nepalese version of the Pañcaviṃśatisāhasrikā. Group D. The three earlier Chinese translations of the Pañcaviṃśatisāhasrikā. Zachetti adds that "at the level of versions, we see that a certain basic text, reflecting a certain recension, may easily be expanded or condensed by manipulating the lists found in this scripture." Thus, the various versions (18,000, 25,000 and 100,000) "are to be seen as particular textual generative principles, rather than as rigidly established "texts" in traditional terms."Zacchetti 2005 p. 46.
Thus, the size of the text is not particularly indicative of the content or of the age of the text itself, since any recension can be enlarged by expanding the various lists found in the sutras. This also means that different versions (based on size) can be created within different recensions.Zacchetti 2005 pp. 47-49.
Commentaries
The Large Perfection of Wisdom texts have been influential works in Mahayana Buddhism. This is indicated the number of commentaries written on these sutras.