This article discusses political parties in Russia.
The Russian Federation has a de jure multi-party system, however it operates as a dominant-party system. , six parties have members in the federal parliament, the State Duma, with one dominant party (United Russia). , 20 political parties are officially registered in the Russian Federation, 17 of which have the right to participate in elections.
History
After the Perestroika reforms in the 1980s Russia had over 100 registered parties, but the people elected to the State Duma represented only a small number of parties. After 2000, during Vladimir Putin's first presidency (2000–2008), the number of parties quickly decreased. From 2008 to 2012 there were only seven parties in Russia, and every new attempt to register new parties was blocked. The last registered party of this period was the government-organized Right Cause (now the Party of Growth) which was registered on 18 February 2009. Before the 2011 parliamentary election, about 10 opposition parties were denied registration.
In 2001, the federal law "On political parties" was adopted. All parties had to be re-registered. Parties have been assigned the status of the only type of public association that has the right to independently nominate candidates for deputies and other elective positions in government bodies. One of the major provisions of the law is the establishment of a single national status of a political party, and, as a result, the liquidation of regional and interregional political public associations. According to paragraph 1 of Article 3 of the Federal Law of the Russian Federation No. 95-FZ "On Political Parties", a political party in Russia is recognized as "a public association created for the purpose of participation of citizens of the Russian Federation in the political life of society through the formation and expression of their political will, participation in public and political actions, in elections and referendums, as well as in order to represent the interests of citizens in state authorities and local governments".
In December 2004, amendments were introduced requiring a minimum number of party members of 50,000 and the presence of more than 45 regional branches of 500 people each. By January 1, 2006, all parties had to submit documents proving that their party structures complied with the requirements of the law on the minimum number of members and the number of regional branches.
In 2009, a bill was introduced to reduce the minimum number of party members from 50,000 to 45,000, and from 500 to 450 members in regional branches. This law came into effect on January 1, 2010. The minimum number of party members was reduced again on January 1, 2012, to 40,000 and to 400 members per regional branch.
On February 28, 2012, an election law was adopted meaning parties were exempted from collecting signatures and making a cash deposit for nominating a party and its candidate, and gubernatorial elections were restored. The number of required signatures for candidates for the presidential elections was reduced from 2 million to 100,000 for party candidates, and 300,000 for self-nominated candidates. The electoral threshold for parties was also reduced from 7% to 5%.
On March 20, 2012, the State Duma approved a presidential bill to reduce the minimum number of political party members from 40,000 to only 500 people, and from 500 to 5 members for a regional branch.
However, after a series of mass protests and a 2011 European Court decision on the case of the Republican Party of Russia (now the People's Freedom Party), the law changed and the number of registered parties quickly increased to more than 48 .
Party of Power
A "party of power" refers to a political party that has a close relationship with the executive branch of government such that the party appears to function as an extension of the executive rather than as an autonomous political organization.Compare: The concept resembles that of a cartel party. These parties are considered by some to have been especially established for support of the incumbent president or prime minister in the Russian parliament: Inter-regional Deputies Group/Democratic Russia (1990–1993, Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union/Congress of People's Deputies of Russia/Supreme Soviet of Russia) Democratic Choice of Russia (1993–1994) Our Home – Russia (1995–1999) Unity (1999–2001/2003) A Just Russia - For Truth (the second "party of power", supporting Vladimir Putin and opposing United Russia) United Russia (2001–present)
Voter demographics
According to studies, United Russia voters in 2007 were younger and more market-oriented than the average voter. The party's electorate includes a substantial share of government employees, pensioners and military personnel, who are dependent on the state for their livelihood. Sixty-four percent of United Russia supporters are female. In the run-up to the 2011 Duma elections, it was reported that support for United Russia was growing among young people.Yevgeny Utkin. Seven parties, one virtually certain outcome Russia Beyond the Headlines. (2011-11-23)
In April 2023, a survey on the issue of the dissolution of the United Russia Party was conducted among Russians. About 2,500 people participated in the survey, mostly aged 45+. The question was "Is it necessary to dissolve the United Russia party with the inability of its members to participate in political life in the future?" the answers were distributed as follows: 65% stated: "I am for dissolution without permission to participate in political life in the future", 3% stated "I am against dissolution", 6% stated "I am for dissolution, but with permission to participate in political life in the future", and 26% stated "I am for the dissolution of all bourgeois parties".
Current parties All parties registered with the Ministry of Justice have the right to participate in any elections across the country. A list of registered parties is placed on the Ministry website. In December 2012, there were 48 registered parties in Russia; 7 of them are currently represented in the State Duma as of 2021.
Parties represented in the Federal Assembly
Party Est. Leader Ideology State Duma Federation Council Regional Politicalposition Alliances ER United Russia 2001 Dmitry Medvedev Big tent ONF KPRF Communist Party of the Russian Federation 1993 Gennady Zyuganov Far-left UCP–CPSUInternational:IMCWP SR A Just Russia 2006 Sergey Mironov Centre tocentre-left ONF LDPR Liberal Democratic Party of Russia 1992 Leonid Slutsky Right-wingto far-right NL New People 2020 Alexey Nechayev Centre-right SPPS Rodina Rodina 2012 Aleksey Zhuravlyov Far-right ONF GP Civic Platform 2012 Rifat Shaykhutdinov Centre-right
Parties represented in the regional parliaments Name Founded Leader Ideology Regional parliaments Position Alliances RPPSJ Russian Party of Pensioners for Social Justice 2012 Erik Prazdnikov Centre CPCR Communist Party "Communists of Russia" 2012 Maxim Suraykin Far-left International: Yabloko Russian United Democratic Party "Yabloko" 1993 Nikolay Rybakov Centre-left International:LIEuropean: T-NV Tatarstan — New Age2023Rinat Zakirov Big Tent Russian Ecological Party "The Greens" 2012 Centre to centre-leftEAGP GA! Green Alternative 2020 Ruslan Khvostov Centre-left PSP Political Party of Social Protection 2012 Vladimir Mikhailov Social justice Centre PDD Party of Direct Democracyhttps://digitaldem.ru/2021/09/20/partiya-prjamoj-demokratii-proshla-v-zaksobranije-eao/ Партия прямой демократии прошла в заксобрание Еврейской автономной области 2020 Oleg Artamonov Centre-right
Parties in Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine Name Founded Leader Ideology Location Representation inregional legislature | Donetsk Republic 2005 Denis PushilinDonetsk People's Republic Free Donbas 2014Vladimir MedvedevDonetsk People's Republic Peace to Luhanshchyna2014Leonid PasechnikLuhansk People's RepublicLuhansk Economic Union2014Luhansk People's Republic New Russia Party2014Donetsk People's Republic Volodymyr Saldo Bloc2019Vladimir SaldoKherson Oblast
List of registered parties
№Full nameShort nameAbbr.IdeologyPositionLeader(s)CreatedRegistrationLast federal elections resultsNotePresidentialLegislative 1 All-Russian political party "United Russia" UR Big tent Dmitry Medvedev 2001 2003 DNP(endorsed Vladimir Putin) 49.82% (Party list)45.86% (SMC)(324 seats) MJ profileCEC profileWebsite 2 Communist Party of the Russian Federation Communist Party CPRF Far-left Gennady Zyuganov 1990 2002 4.37% 18.93% (Party list)16.35% (SMC)(57 seats)MJ profileCEC profileWebsite 3 LDPR – Liberal Democratic Party of Russia Liberal Democratic Party LDPR Right-wingto far-right Leonid Slutsky 1992 2002 3.24 7.55% (Party list)5.89% (SMC)(21 seats)MJ profileCEC profileWebsite 4 Russian United Democratic Party "Yabloko" Yabloko Centre tocentre-left Nikolay Rybakov 1995 2003 DNP 1.34% (Party list)1.99% (SMC)(0 seats)MJ profileCEC profileWebsite 5 Socialist Political Party "A Just Russia" A Just Russia SR Centre tocentre-left Sergey Mironov 2006 2006 DNP(endorsed Vladimir Putin) 7.46% (Party list)8.78% (SMC)(27 seats)MJ profileCEC profileWebsite 6 Democratic Party of Russia Democratic Party DPR Centre-rightto right-wing Alexander Zorin 1990 2012 DNP(endorsed Vladimir Putin) DNP MJ profileCEC profile 7 Party of Progress Party of Progress PP Andrey Poda 2012 2012 DNP DNP MJ profileCEC profile 8 Russian Party of Freedom and Justice Party of Freedom and Justice RPFJ Centre-left Ilmi Shagan 2012 2012 DNP 0.77% (Party list)0.68% (SMC)(0 seats)MJ profileCEC profile 9 Russian Ecological Party "The Greens" REP "The Greens" Centre Alexandra KudzagovaSergey ShakhmatovRufina Shagapova 1993 2012 DNP(endorsed Vladimir Putin) 0.91% (Party list)0.98% (SMC)(0 seats) MJ profileCEC profileWebsite 10 Communist Party Communists of Russia Communists of Russia CPCR Far-left Sergey Malinkovich 2009 2012 DNP 1.27% (Party list)2.98% (SMC)(0 seats)MJ profileCEC profileWebsite 11 Political party of Social Protection Party of Social Protection PSP Populism Vladimir Mikhailov 2012 2012 DNP DNPMJ profileCEC profileWebsite 12 Russian Party of Pensioners for Social Justice Party of Pensioners RPPSJ Centre Erik Prazdnikov 1997 2012 DNP(endorsed Vladimir Putin) 2.45% (Party list)3.58% (SMC)(0 seats)MJ profileCEC profileWebsite 13 Civic Platform Civic Platform CP Right-wing Rifat Shaykhutdinov 2012 2012 DNP 0.15% (Party list)0.70% (SMC)(1 seat)MJ profileCEC profileWebsite 14 All-Russian political party "Rodina" RodinaFar-right Aleksey Zhuravlyov 2003 2012 DNP(endorsed Vladimir Putin) 0.80% (Party list)1.51% (SMC)(1 seat)MJ profileCEC profileWebsite 15 Cossack Party of the Russian Federation Cossack Party CosPRFRight-wing Sergey Kolosok 2013 2013 DNP DNPMJ profileCEC profileWebsite 16 Party of Russia's Rebirth Party of Russia's Rebirth PRR Centre-left Igor Ashurbeyli 2002 2013 DNP DNPMJ profileCEC profileWebsite 17 New People New People NPCentre tocentre-right Alexey Nechayev 2020 2020 3.90% 5.32% (Party list)4.88% (SMC)(13 seats) MJ profileCEC profileWebsite 18 Green Alternative Green Alternative GA Centre-left Ruslan Khvostov 2020 2020 DNP 0.64% (Party list)0.22% (SMC)(0 seats)MJ profileCEC profileWebsite 19 Party of Direct Democracy Party of Direct Democracy PDDCentre tocentre-right Oleg Artamonov 2020 2020 DNP DNP MJ profileCEC profileWebsite
Historical parties (1991–present)
Far-left