Many scripts in Unicode, such as Arabic, have special orthographic rules that require certain combinations of letterforms to be combined into special ligature forms. In English, the common ampersand (&) developed from a ligature in which the handwritten Latin letters e and t (spelling et, Latin for and) were combined."What is the origin of the ampersand (&)?"
As of Unicode , the Arabic script is contained in the following blocks: Arabic (0600–06FF, 256 characters) Arabic Supplement (0750–077F, 48 characters) Arabic Extended-B (0870–089F, 43 characters) Arabic Extended-A (08A0–08FF, 96 characters) Arabic Presentation Forms-A (FB50–FDFF, 656 characters) Arabic Presentation Forms-B (FE70–FEFF, 141 characters) Rumi Numeral Symbols (10E60–10E7F, 31 characters) Arabic Extended-C (10EC0–10EFF, 60 characters) Indic Siyaq Numbers (1EC70–1ECBF, 68 characters) Ottoman Siyaq Numbers (1ED00–1ED4F, 61 characters) Arabic Mathematical Alphabetic Symbols (1EE00–1EEFF, 143 characters)
The basic Arabic range encodes the standard letters and diacritics, but does not encode contextual forms (U+0621–U+0652 being directly based on ISO 8859-6); and also includes the most common diacritics and Arabic-Indic digits. The Arabic Supplement range encodes letter variants mostly used for writing African (non-Arabic) languages. The Arabic Extended-B and Arabic Extended-A ranges encode additional Qur'anic annotations and letter variants used for various non-Arabic languages. The Arabic Presentation Forms-A range encodes contextual forms and ligatures of letter variants needed for Persian, Urdu, Sindhi and Central Asian languages. The Arabic Presentation Forms-B range encodes spacing forms of Arabic diacritics, and more contextual letter forms. The presentation forms are present only for compatibility with older standards, and are not currently needed for coding text. The Arabic Mathematical Alphabetical Symbols block encodes characters used in Arabic mathematical expressions. The Indic Siyaq Numbers block contains a specialized subset of Arabic script that was used for accounting in India under the Mughal Empire by the 17th century through the middle of the 20th century. The Ottoman Siyaq Numbers block contains a specialized subset of Arabic script, also known as Siyakat numbers, used for accounting in Ottoman Turkish documents.
Contextual forms Below is a demonstration for the basic alphabet used in Modern Standard Arabic illustrating how Arabic letters are expected to appear in different contexts. Codepoints listed as contextual forms "should not be used in general interchange". Unicode has other methods of encoding the difference if necessary, such as Zero-width joiner. GeneralUnicodeContextual formsNameIsolatedFinal (End)Medial (Middle)Initial (Beginning)0627FE8DFE8E0628FE8FFE90FE92FE91062AFE95FE96FE98FE97062BFE99FE9AFE9CFE9B062CFE9DFE9EFEA0FE9F062DFEA1FEA2FEA4FEA3062EFEA5FEA6FEA8FEA7062FFEA9FEAA0630FEABFEAC0631FEADFEAE0632FEAFFEB00633FEB1FEB2FEB4FEB30634FEB5FEB6FEB8FEB70635FEB9FEBAFEBCFEBB0636FEBDFEBEFEC0FEBF0637FEC1FEC2FEC4FEC30638FEC5FEC6FEC8FEC70639FEC9FECAFECCFECB063AFECDFECEFED0FECF0641FED1FED2FED4FED30642FED5FED6FED8FED70643FED9FEDAFEDCFEDB0644FEDDFEDEFEE0FEDF0645FEE1FEE2FEE4FEE30646FEE5FEE6FEE8FEE70647FEE9FEEAFEECFEEB0648FEEDFEEE064AFEF1FEF2FEF4FEF30622FE81FE820629FE93FE94——0649FEEFFEF0——
Punctuation and ornaments
Only the Arabic question mark ⟨⟩ and the Arabic comma ⟨⟩ are used in regular Arabic script typing and the comma is often substituted for the Latin script comma ⟨,⟩ which is also used as the decimal separator when the Eastern Arabic numerals are used (e.g. ⟨100.6⟩ compared to ⟨⟩).
٭
Word ligatures Arabic Presentation Forms-A has a few characters defined as "word ligatures" for terms frequently used in formulaic expressions in Arabic. They are rarely used out of professional liturgical typing. Note that the Rial grapheme is normally written fully, not by the ligature.
, as in the phrase
Code blocks
Arabic
Character table CodeResultUnicode nameU+0600 Arabic Number SignU+0601 Arabic Sign SanahU+0602 Arabic Footnote MarkerU+0603 Arabic Sign SafhaU+0604 Arabic Sign Samvat used for writing Samvat era dates in UrduU+0605 Arabic Number Mark Above may be used with Coptic Epact numbersU+0606 Arabic-Indic Cube Root → U+221B ∛ Cube RootU+0607 Arabic-Indic Fourth Root → U+221C ∜ Fourth RootU+0608 Arabic RayU+0609 Arabic-Indic Per Mille Sign → U+2030 ‰ Per Mille SignU+060A Arabic-Indic Per Ten Thousand Sign → U+2031‱ Per Ten Thousand SignU+060B Afghani SignU+060C Arabic Comma also used with Thaana and Syriac in modern text
→ U+002C Comma
→ U+2E32 ⸲ Turned Comma
→ U+2E41 ⹁ Reversed CommaU+060D Arabic Date SeparatorU+060E Arabic Poetic Verse SignU+060F Arabic Sign MisraU+0610 Arabic Sign Sallallahou Alayhe Wassallam represents sallallahu alayhe wasallam "may God's peace and blessings be upon him"U+0611 Arabic Sign Alayhe Assallam represents alayhe assalam "upon him be peace"U+0612 Arabic Sign Rahmatullah Alayhe represents rahmatullah alayhe "may God have mercy upon him"U+0613 Arabic Sign Radi Allahou Anhu represents radi allahu 'anhu "may God be pleased with him"U+0614 Arabic Sign Takhallus sign placed over the name or nom-de-plume of a poet, or in some writings used to mark all proper namesU+0615 Arabic Small High Tah marks a recommended pause position in some Qurans published in Iran and Pakistan should not be confused with the small TAH sign used as a diacritic for some letters such as 0679U+0616 Arabic Small High Ligature Alef With Lam With Yeh early Persian
Arabic Small High Ligature Alef With Yeh BarreeU+0617 Arabic Small High ZainU+0618 Arabic Small Fatha should not be confused with 064E FathaU+0619 Arabic Small Damma should not be confused with 064F DammaU+061A Arabic Small Kasra should not be confused with 0650 KasraU+061B Arabic Semicolon also used with Thaana and Syriac in modern text → U+003B ; Semicolon → U+204F ⁏ Reversed Semicolon → U+2E35 ⸵ Turned SemicolonU+061C Arabic Letter Mark (Alm)U+061D Arabic End Of Text MarkU+061E Arabic Triple Dot Punctuation MarkU+061F Arabic Question Mark also used with Thaana and Syriac in modern text → U+003F ? Question Mark → U+2E2E ⸮ Reversed Question MarkU+0620 Arabic Letter Kashmiri YehU+0621 Arabic Letter Hamza → U+02BE ʾ Modifier Letter Right Half RingU+0622 Arabic Letter Alef With Madda Above ≡ آ U+0627 U+0653U+0623 Arabic Letter Alef With Hamza Above ≡ أ U+0627 U+0654U+0624 Arabic Letter Waw With Hamza Above ≡ ؤ U+0648 U+0654U+0625 Arabic Letter Alef With Hamza Below ≡ إ U+0627 U+0655U+0626 Arabic Letter Yeh With Hamza Above in Kyrgyz the hamza is consistently positioned to the top right in isolate and final forms ≡ ئ U+064A U+0654U+0627 Arabic Letter AlefU+0628 Arabic Letter BehU+0629 Arabic Letter Teh MarbutaU+062A Arabic Letter TehU+062B Arabic Letter TheU+062C Arabic Letter JeemU+062D Arabic Letter HahU+062E Arabic Letter KhahU+062F Arabic Letter DalU+0630 Arabic Letter ThalU+0631 Arabic Letter RehU+0632 Arabic Letter ZainU+0633 Arabic Letter SeenU+0634 Arabic Letter SheenU+0635 Arabic Letter SadU+0636 Arabic Letter DadU+0637 Arabic Letter TahU+0638 Arabic Letter ZahU+0639 Arabic Letter Ain → U+01B9 ƹ Latin Small Letter Ezh Reversed → U+02BF ʿ MODIFIER LETTER LEFT HALF RINGU+063A Arabic Letter GhainU+063B Arabic Letter Keheh With Two Dots AboveU+063C Arabic Letter Keheh With Three Dots BelowU+063D Arabic Letter Farsi Yeh With Inverted V AzerbaijaniU+063E Arabic Letter Farsi Yeh With Two Dots AboveU+063F Arabic Letter Farsi Yeh With Three Dots AboveU+0640 Arabic Tatweel inserted to stretch characters or to carry tashkil with no base letter also used with Adlam, Hanifi Rohingya, Mandaic, Manichaean, Psalter Pahlavi, Sogdian, and Syriac= kashidaU+0641 Arabic Letter FehU+0642 Arabic Letter QafU+0643 Arabic Letter KafU+0644 Arabic Letter LamU+0645 Arabic Letter Meem Sindhi uses a shape with a short tailU+0646 Arabic Letter NoonU+0647 Arabic Letter HehU+0648 Arabic Letter WawU+0649 Arabic Letter Alef Maksura represents YEH-shaped dual-joining letter with no dots in any positional form not intended for use in combination with 0654 → U+0626 ئ Arabic Letter Yeh With Hamza AboveU+064A Arabic Letter Yeh loses its dots when used in combination with 0654 retains its dots when used in combination with other combining marks → U+08A8 ࢨ Arabic Letter Yeh With Two Dots Below And Hamza AboveU+064B Arabic FathatanU+064CArabic Dammatan
→ The handwritten / Quranic form: U+08F1
Another alternative form is written as two intertwined dammas, one of which is turned 180 degrees U+08E8 U+064D Arabic KasratanU+064E Arabic FathaU+064F Arabic DammaU+0650 Arabic KasraU+0651 Arabic ShaddaU+0652 Arabic Sukun marks absence of a vowel after the base consonant can have a variety of shapes, including a circular one and a shape that looks like '06E1' → U+06E1 Arabic Small High Dotless Head Of KhahU+0653 Arabic Maddah Above used for madd jaa'iz in South Asian and Indonesian orthographies
→ U+089C Arabic Madda Waajib
→ U+089E Arabic Doubled Madda
→ U+089F Arabic Half Madda Over MaddaU+0654 Arabic Hamza Above restricted to hamza and ezafe semantics is not used as a diacritic to form new lettersU+0655 Arabic Hamza BelowU+0656 Arabic Subscript AlefU+0657 Arabic Inverted Damma Kashmiri, Urdu, Swahili, SomaliU+0658 Arabic Mark Noon Ghunna Baluchi indicates nasalization in UrduU+0659 Arabic Zwarakay PashtoU+065A Arabic Vowel Sign Small V Above African languagesU+065B Arabic Vowel Sign Inverted Small V Above African languagesU+065C Arabic Vowel Sign Dot Below African languages also used in Quranic text in African and other orthographiesU+065D Arabic Reversed Damma African languagesU+065E Arabic Fatha With Two Dots KalamiU+065F Arabic Wavy Hamza Below KashmiriU+0660 Arabic-Indic Digit ZeroU+0661 Arabic-Indic Digit OneU+0662 Arabic-Indic Digit TwoU+0663 Arabic-Indic Digit ThreeU+0664 Arabic-Indic Digit FourU+0665 Arabic-Indic Digit FiveU+0666 Arabic-Indic Digit SixU+0667 Arabic-Indic Digit SevenU+0668 Arabic-Indic Digit EightU+0669 Arabic-Indic Digit NineU+066A Arabic Percent Sign → U+0025 % Percent SignU+066B Arabic Decimal Separator
the ordinary comma is most commonly used instead
→ U+002C CommaU+066C Arabic Thousands Separator
the Arabic comma is most commonly used instead
→ U+060C ، Arabic Comma
→ U+0027 ' Apostrophe
→ U+2019 ’ Right Single Quotation MarkU+066D Arabic Five Pointed Star appearance rather variable
→ U+002A * AsteriskU+066E Arabic Letter Dotless BehU+066F Arabic Letter Dotless QafU+0670 Arabic Letter Superscript AlefU+0671 Arabic Letter Alef Wasla Quranic ArabicU+0672 Arabic Letter Alef With Wavy Hamza Above Baluchi, KashmiriU+0673 Arabic Letter Alef With Wavy Hamza Below (deprecated)Deprecated as of Unicode version 6.0 UCD Change History "The particular combination of an alef with this vowel mark should be written with the sequence <U+0627 ARABIC LETTER ALEF, U+065F ARABIC WAVY HAMZA BELOW>, rather than with the character U+0673 ARABIC LETTER ALEF WITH WAVY HAMZA BELOW, which has been deprecated and which is not canonically equivalent. Kashmiri This character is deprecated and its use is strongly discouraged; the sequence 0627 065F is the preferred way of encoding this character.U+0674 Arabic Letter High Hamza Kazakh, Jawi forms digraphsU+0675 Arabic Letter High Hamza Alef preferred spelling is U+0674 U+0627U+0676 Arabic Letter High Hamza Waw preferred spelling is U+0674 U+0648U+0677 Arabic Letter U With Hamza Above preferred spelling is U+0674 U+06C7U+0678 Arabic Letter High Hamza Yeh preferred spelling is U+0674 06CCU+0679 Arabic Letter Tteh UrduU+067A Arabic Letter Tteheh SindhiU+067B Arabic Letter Beeh SindhiU+067C Arabic Letter Teh With Ring PashtoU+067D Arabic Letter Teh With Three Dots Above Downwards SindhiU+067E Arabic Letter Peh Persian, Urdu, ...U+067F Arabic Letter Teheh SindhiU+0680 Arabic Letter Beheh SindhiU+0681 Arabic Letter Hah With Hamza Above Pashto, Sarikoli