The African openbill (Anastomus lamelligerus) is a species of stork from the family Ciconiidae. It is widely distributed in Sub-Saharan Africa and western regions of Madagascar. This species is considered common to locally abundant across its range, although it has a patchy distribution. Some experts consider there to be two sub-species, A. l. lamelligerus distributed on the continent and A. l. madagascariensis living on the island of Madagascar. Scientists distinguish between the two sub-species due to the more pronounced longitudinal ridges on the bills of adult A. l. madagascariensis. The Asian openbill (Anastomus oscitans) found in Asia is the African openbill's closest relative. The two species share the same notably large bill of a peculiar shape that gives them their name.
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Description The African openbill is a stork measuring and weighing . The species does not exhibit any major sexual dimorphism, although the males are slightly larger than the females and have a longer and heavier bill. The adult bill is between in length, brownish in color and has a gap between the upper and lower mandible. This gap is non-existent in juvenile birds and develops as the bird ages. It is because the two mandibles of the beak only meet at the tip and not in the middle that this stork genus received the name of "openbill".
The adult plumage is overall black with iridescent green feathers on their backs, coverts and abdomens. The juvenile plumage is usually less vibrant and browner in color with the feathers of the underparts having pale tips. The legs and feet are black. The eyes are grey with grey lores and no distinct coloration of the eye-ring.
Bill shape The gap in the bill of the African openbill was first hypothesized to serve as a nutcracker, crushing the shells of the snails this stork feeds on. Scientists later demonstrated that the bill does not serve this function. Rather the opening between the two mandibles facilitates grasping the shells of the snails. The convergent tips of the mandibles prevent the slipping forward of a spherical object being carried by the storks. The curve in the lower mandible allows the stork to have the perfect angle of attack to force its way under the operculum and release the molluscs from their shells. The bill of the African openbill storks closely evolved with the bird's specialized diet, allowing for the perfect handling of snails and other molluscs.
Sounds Many of the social displays of the African openbill stork are accompanied by bill clatters as is common in most of the Ciconiidae species. This bird also croaks and honks loudly.
Flight These storks are smaller in stature than most of the other species in their family, which allows them to be much more agile in the air. This agility can be observed during their descents from high altitudes as they often perform steep dives and remarkable acrobatic manoeuvres. During their migration flights, the African openbill storks will use sustained flapping flight with an average wing flap rate of 200–210 flaps/minute. They will also often soar on the thermals when commuting to and from distant feeding areas. This allows them to travel long distances to obtain food without expending too much energy. In flight, these birds have their necks and head extended and their long, broad wings are spread out and perfect for soaring and gliding on the air currents.
Predators The adult African openbill does not have many predators, although the species is preyed upon by the tawny eagle (Aquila rapax). The eggs of the African openbill are preyed on by the African harrier-hawk (Polyboroides typus), the African marsh-harrier (Circus ranivorus) and monitor lizards (genus Varanus).
Special feathers
Adult African openbills have dark shiny feathers on their wings and chest that serve in parade and other types of signaling between individuals of the species. These special feathers do not follow the typical structure of feathers. Usually, feathers have a , and , but none of that is found in these parade feathers. Instead, the feathers have a single ribbon-shaped body and a few long, fine stems that disperse laterally from the flat part of the ribbon. This structure serves to create the iridescent colors observed on the feathers. The bottom part of the feathers presents the normal structure of feathers and serves for insulation purposes. It does not produce any color.
The coloration is perceived on the outside of the ribbon structure and therefore the iridescence is produced by the external portion of the cortex. This cortex consists of melanin nodules repeated periodically along planes inside the ribbon. These planes are parallel to each other. Scientists believe the dark green appearance of these feathers to be due to the low reflectance levels of the melanin nodules.
Two color-producing processes have been proposed to explain why these feathers have a green coloration:
The nodules act collectively to produce constructive interference for yellow and blue radiation. These mix in the eye to produce the impression of green. The nodules act individually. The light passing through each nodule is dissipated by the melanin pigment. This attenuates the green and red portions of the visible light spectrum. The blue and yellow reflect with the light. The two hues then mix in the eye to produce green.
Conservation concern The African openbill stork is considered out of danger worldwide as it is abundant in various portions of its range. There are no current estimate for the total population numbers, but they appear to be quite stable. Although they are not currently threatened, they remain a large bird with low reproductive success meaning that human activities affecting their habitat could have a big impact on the species.
Diet These birds primarily feed on aquatic snails of the genus Pila. They have been observed to also eat freshwater mussels. In different parts of their range, some individuals have been observed to eat terrestrial snails, frogs, crabs, fish, worms and large insects. None of these are the preferred food choice of the African openbill.
Foraging
To forage for snails, the African openbill stands in shallow water, repeatedly dipping its beak in. They hold their bill slightly ajar and will snap it shut if they encounter a prey. Once they have a hold on the prey, they hold it with the tip of their mandibles and carry it back to shore. The storks will start slowly walking around and changing location, if they do not capture anything in the area they decided to forage in.
The African openbill sometimes forages by standing on the back of hippopotamuses (Hippopotamus amphibius). As the hippopotamus wades through the vegetation, it upturns it and exposes the multiple snails that cling to the undersides of the plants. The stork will then feed on these exposed snails that have become easy prey. The hippopotamus does not seem to mind the presences of the bird on its back and is not harmed by it in any way.
Lastly, very few individuals have been observed to forage visually from afar. There are accounts of African openbill storks swooping down from their nest and immediately securing a prey. This behavior is extremely uncommon for the stork but does occur.
Feeding behavior
Nestling feeding behavior The nestlings of the African openbill stork never voluntarily eat anything else than molluscs. Even when extremely hungry, the nestlings will not ingest other types of meat unless being force-fed. The nestlings have been observed as unaware of how to consume fish. When presented with them, the young African openbill would try to swallow them sideways or backwards as it is not instinctive to them how to consume those food items. The young feed in the nest through regurgitation from the parents. When eating, the nestlings bring their wings over their head in an attempt to protect their food from being stolen by competing nest mates. In nestlings, the sides of the lower mandible are flexible, and the gular skin is loose and elastic which allows them to swallow large pieces of food relative to their size. The esophagus is expandible and permits storage of food. The nestlings can ingest large quantities of food when available which allows them to survive relatively long periods of time with no food intake.
Adult feeding behavior The adults either feed alone or in large groups. If a colony has found a successful foraging area, they often return to it and piles of snail shells can be seen accumulating on the shores. During nesting season, the African openbill adults will bring the food items back to their nest and these large piles of shells can be seen accumulating under the colony's tree.
Opening of mollusks Once the storks capture a mollusc, they carry their prey to shore for extraction and consumption of the meat. The African openbill are well known for removing the meat of the molluscs without breaking their fragile shells.
Snails Most of this procedure is done underwater or hidden in vegetation, therefore there are still a lot of unknowns surrounding how exactly the African openbill removes the meat from the snail shells. Scientists know that the storks often submerge their head in the water while working on the shells and that they vigorously shake their heads up and down while doing so. This vigorous motion of the head led many scientists to incorrectly conclude the storks were crushing shells. Freshly discarded shells have been collected in multiple studies and have always been found whole, therefore discrediting the hypothesis of the storks breaking the shells to obtain the mollusc meat.
The African openbill storks are believed to remove the snails from their shells by using their bills to pin the snails down long enough for the bird to sever the operculum. This is achieved by using the tip of the upper mandible to hold the snail on the ground and forcing the tip of the lower mandible under the operculum. Once the attachment point has been broken, the stork uses the tip of its bill to grasp onto the snail's body and shakes its head sideways to release the meat from the shell. Finally, the stork swallows the body whole by tossing its head backwards.
Mussels Opening mussels poses a bigger problem to the storks. Since the African openbill can't open the mussel by itself, it will usually gather them up in large piles on the shore and wait for the sun to kill them. Once dead, the mussels release their hold on the shells leaving the meat accessible to the birds.
Habitat
African openbill storks live in every habitat where suitable mollusc prey can be found. Their preferred habitats remain long stretches of freshwater. They can sometimes be seen far from humid habitats, but only exceptionally. The place you are most likely to see them are on large freshwater wetlands with nearby tall trees or shrubs for them to nest in.
Migration Some African openbill population are trans-equatorial migrants. Timing their migration to arrive in West Africa for the start of the dry period. They migrate in flocks and most of the reason and organisation behind these movements remain unknown. Some populations migrate while others are residents, migration in African openbill highly depends on the weather conditions.
Behavior
Adult specific behavior
Comfort movements The African openbill uses the same comfort movements as seen in other storks such as preening, scratching and stretching. In addition, they rub the crown of their heads on the feathers of their backs in a circular, rolling motion. Other comfort movements include adopting the spread wing posture while sunning. While in the spread wing posture, the African openbill stork will sometimes excrete on its. This is known as "urohidrosis" and serves for thermoregulatory purposes.
Social displays while foraging