Proto-Turkic is the linguistic reconstruction of the common ancestor of the Turkic languages that was spoken by the Proto-Turks before their divergence into the various Turkic peoples. Proto-Turkic separated into Oghur (western) and Common Turkic (eastern) branches. Candidates for the Proto-Turkic homeland range from western Central Asia to Manchuria, "The origin and early dispersal history of the Turkic peoples is disputed, with candidates for their ancient homeland ranging from the Transcaspian steppe to Manchuria in Northeast Asia." with most scholars agreeing that their migrations started from the eastern part of the Central Asian steppe, "It is generally agreed among historians and linguists that the starting point of the Turkic migrations was located in the eastern part of the Central Asian steppe (see, e.g., Golden 1992, Kljastornyj & Suktanov 2009; Menges 1995:55). Turkologists use various definitions for describing the Proto-Turkic homeland, but most indicate more or less the same region. While Janhunen (1996:26, 2015:293) locates the Proto-Turkic homeland fairly precisely in Eastern Mongolia, Rona-Tas (1998:88), in a rather general manner, places the last habitat of the Turkic speakers before the disintegration of the family "in west and central Siberia and in the region south of it." The latter localization overlaps in large part with that proposed by Tenisev et al. (2006), who associate the Proto-Turkic urheimat with the vast area stretching from the Ordos Desert in Inner Mongolia to the foothils of the Sayan-Altai mountains in Southern Siberia." while one author has postulated that Proto-Turkic originated 2,500 years ago in East Asia.
The oldest records of a Turkic language, the Old Turkic Orkhon inscriptions of the 7th century Göktürk khaganate, already show characteristics of Eastern Common Turkic. For a long time, the reconstruction of Proto-Turkic relied on comparisons of Old Turkic with early sources of the Western Common Turkic branches, such as Oghuz and Kypchak, as well as the Western Oghur proper (Bulgar, Chuvash, Khazar). Because early attestation of these non-easternmost languages is much sparser, reconstruction of Proto-Turkic still rests fundamentally on the easternmost Old Turkic of the Göktürks, however it now also includes a more comprehensive analysis of all written and spoken forms of the language.
The Proto-Turkic language shows evidence of influence from several neighboring language groups, including Eastern Iranian, Tocharian, and Old Chinese.
Origins
There is general agreement among linguists and historians that Proto-Turkic was spoken somewhere in Central-East Asia. Its most likely ultimate homeland was modern-day Eastern Mongolia. "The ultimate Proto-Turkic homeland may have been located in a more compact area, most likely in Eastern Mongolia" From circa 1200 BCE, nomadic activity led to the expansion of Proto-Turkic into a wider area, from the Sayan-Altai Mountains in South Siberia, to Eastern Inner Mongolia. Proto-Turkic is thought to have split at the end of the first millennium BCE.
The likely ultimate homeland of Proto-Turkic in Eastern Mongolia was very close to the homeland of the Proto-Mongolic language in Southern Manchuria and the homeland of Proto-Tungusic in the area where modern-day China, Russia and North Korea meet, which would explain the proximity of these languages.
Phonology Consonants The consonant system had a two-way contrast of stop consonants (fortis vs. lenis), k, p, t vs. g, b, d. There was also an affricate consonant, č; at least one sibilant s and sonorants m, n, ń, ŋ, r, l with a full series of nasal consonants. Some scholars additionally reconstruct the palatalized sounds ĺ and ŕ for the correspondence sets Oghuric /l/ ~ Common Turkic *š and Oghuric /r/ ~ Common Turkic *z. Most scholars, however, assume that these are the regular reflexes of Proto-Turkic *l and *r. Oghuric is thus sometimes referred to as Lir-Turkic and Common Turkic as Shaz-Turkic.
A glottochronological reconstruction based on analysis of isoglosses and Sinicisms points to the timing of the r/z split at around 56 BCE–48 CE. As Anna Dybo puts it, that may be associated with
the historical situation that can be seen in the history of the Huns' division onto the Northern and Southern [groups]: the first separation and withdrawal of the Northern Huns to the west has occurred, as was stated above, in 56 BC,... the second split of the (Eastern) Huns into the northern and southern groups happened in 48 AD.
Dybo suggests that during that period, the Northern branch steadily migrated from Western Mongolia through Southern Xinjiang into the north's Dzungaria and then finally into Kazakhstan's Zhetysu until the 5th century.
There was no fortis-lenis contrast in word-initial position: the initial stops were always *b, *t, *k, the affricate was always *č and the sibilant was always *s. In addition, the nasals and the liquids did not occur in that position either.
Type Bilabial Dental oralveolar Palatal Velar Nasal *m *n *ń *ŋ Plosive andaffricate *p *t *č *k *b *d *g Sibilant *s Liquid *l (*ĺ ) *r (*ŕ ) Semivowel *j
Like in many modern Turkic languages, the velars /k/, /g/, and possibly /ŋ/ seem to have had back and front allophones ( and , and , and ) according to their environments, with the velar allophones occurring in words with front vowels, and uvular allophones occurring in words with back vowels. The lenis stops /b/, /d/ and /g/~/ɢ/ may have tended towards fricatives intervocalically.
Vowels Like most of its descendants, Proto-Turkic exhibited vowel harmony, distinguishing vowel qualities a, ï, o, u vs. e, ẹ, i, ö, ü, as well as two vowel quantities. Here, macrons represent long vowels. Some scholars (e.g. Gerhard Doerfer) additionally reconstruct a mid back unrounded *ë based on cognate sets with Chuvash, Tuvan and Yakut ï corresponding to a in all other Turkic languages, although these correspondences can also be explained as deriving from *a which underwent subsequent sound changes in those three languages. The phonemicity of the distinction between the two close unrounded vowels, i.e. front *i and back *ï, is also rejected by some.
Type front back high *i, *ī *ü, *ǖ *ï, *ï̄ *u, *ū mid *ẹ, *ẹ̄ *ö, *ȫ ~ (*ë, *ë̄ ) *o, *ō low *e, *ē *a, *ā
Morphology
Nouns Plurals While plurality in modern Turkic languages is relatively straightforward, Proto-Turkic seemingly has multiple plural suffixes, with unclear use cases for each.
One plural suffix preserved in both Oghuric and Common Turkic is *-(I)ŕ, in words such as Turkish "ikiz" or "biz," or Chuvash "(e)pir."
Another possible plural suffix is *-(I)t, which was commonly seen in Old Turkic and preserved in very few words such as Turkish "oğlan."
Common Turkic languages today use their respective descendants of the Proto-Common-Turkic plural suffix *-lAr, whereas Chuvash uses , which descends from Proto-Turkic *sāyïn ("every").
It is unknown whether the Proto-Common-Turkic *-lAr, *-(I)t, and *-(A)n existed in Proto-Turkic and were lost in the Oghuric branch, or were later inventions altogether.
Possessive suffixes Reconstructable possessive suffixes in Proto-Turkic includes *-m, *-ŋ, and *-(s)i, plurals of the possessors are formed by *-z in Common Turkic languages.
Verbs The reconstructable suffixes for the verbs include: Aorist: *-Vr Past: *-dI Negative suffix: *-mA : *-m (past tense) & *-mẹn (aorist and future tense) < *bẹn : *-ŋ (past tense) & *-sẹn (aorist and future tense) < *sẹn : *-∅ & *ol : *-m-iŕ (past tense, dual form of singular suffix) & *-biŕ (aorist and future tense) < *biŕ : *-ŋ-iŕ (past tense, dual form of singular suffix) & *-siŕ (aorist and future tense) < *siŕ Proto-Turkic also involves derivation with grammatical voice suffixes, as in cooperative *körüĺ, middle *körün, passive *körül, and causative *körtkür.
Vocabulary Pronouns Proto-Turkic Turkish Azeri Turkmen Kazakh Chuvash Karakhanid Uzbek Uyghur Bashkir Kyrgyz Sakha (Yakut) I *bẹ, *bẹn- ben, ban- mən men men, ma- epĕ, man- men, man- men men min men min you *sẹ, *sẹn- sen, san- sən sen sen, sa-, siz esĕ, san- sen, san- sen, siz sen, siz hin sen, siz en he/she/it *an-, *o-l on-, o on-, o ol on-, o-l un-, văl an-, ol u u ul al kini, olIn Sakha (AKA Yakut), kini(ler) is used for animate referents whereas ol(lor) is used for inanimate referents. While the latter is cognate with other third person forms given here, the former descends from Proto-Turkic *gëntü, *këntü '(him/her)self' and is thus cognate, for example, with Turkish kendi. we *biŕ biz biz biz biz epir, pir- biz biz biz beð biz bihigi you (plural) *siŕ siz siz siz sender, sizder esir, sir- siz sizlar senler, siler, sizler heð siler, sizder ehigi they *o-larThis pronoun are constructed by adding a plural suffix to *o-l "he/she/it". However, an Oghur language Chuvash uses a completely different plural suffix that lacks vowel harmony, -sem. According to Róna-Tas (1998), -sem is a late replacement to *-lAr. on-lar onlar olar olar vĕsem, vĕsen- olar ular ular ular alar kiniler, ollor
Numbers Proto-Turkic Oghur Turkic Common Turkic Volga Bulgar Chuvash Karakhanid Turkish Azeri Turkmen Kazakh Uzbek Uyghur Bashkir Kyrgyz Sakha (Yakut) 1 *bīr bīr pĕr bīr bir bir bir bir bir bir ber bir biir 2 *ẹk(k)i eki ikĕ ikkī iki iki iki eki ikki ikki ike eki ikki 3 *üč več viśĕ üč üç üç üç üş uch üç ös üč üs 4 *tȫrt tüvet tăvată tȫrt dört dörd dört tört toʻrt tört dürt tört tüört 5 *bẹ̄ĺ(k) byel pilĕk bḗš beş beş bäş bes besh beş biş beş bies 6 *altï altï ultă altï̄ altı altı alty altı olti alte altı altı alta 7 *jẹt(t)i čyeti śičĕ yétī yedi yeddi ýedi jeti yetti yetti yete jeti sette 8 *sekiŕ sekir sakăr sekiz sekiz səkkiz sekiz segiz sakkiz sekkiz higeð segiz аğıs 9 *tokuŕ tuxïr tăhăr tokūz dokuz doqquz dokuz toğız toʻqqiz toqquz tuğıð toguz toğus 10 *ōn van vună ōn on on on on oʻn on un on uon 20 *jẹgirmi čiyirim śirĕm yegirmī yirmi iyirmi ýigrimi jıyırma yigirma yigrime yegerme jıyırma süürbe 30 *otuŕ vutur vătăr ottuz otuz otuz otuz otız oʻttiz ottuz utıð otuz otut 40 *kïrk xïrïx hĕrĕh kïrk kırk qırx kyrk qırıq qirq qiriq qırq kırk — 50 *ellig ellü ală ellig elli əlli elli eliw ellik ellik ille elüü — 60 *altmïĺ — utmăl altmïš altmış altmış altmyş alpıs oltmish atmiş altmış altımış — 70 *jẹtmïĺ — śitmĕl yetmiš yetmiş yetmiş ýetmiş jetpis yetmish etmiş yetmeş jetimiş — 80 *sekiŕ ōn — sakăr vun seksȫn seksen səksən segsen seksen sakson seksen hikhän seksen ağıs uon 90 *tokuŕ ōn — tăhăr vun toksōn doksan doxsan togsan toqsan toʻqson toqsan tuqhan tokson toğus uon 100 *jǖŕ čǖr śĕr yǖz yüz yüz ýüz jüz yuz yüz yöð jüz süüs 1000 *bïŋ — pin miŋ bin min müň mıñ ming miñ meñ miñ muñ
References
Sources
Further reading Dybo, A.V. (2014). "Early contacts of Turks and problems of Proto-Turkic reconstruction". In: Tatarica: Language, 2, p. 7-17.
External links