The Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia () is the independent judicial arm of the state. It maintains a system of courts and sits above the other courts and is the final court of appeal. It can also re-examine cases if new evidence emerges.

Jurisdiction The Supreme Court is independent as of the third amendment to the Constitution of Indonesia. The Supreme Court has oversight over the high courts (Pengadilan Tinggi) and district courts (Pengadilan Negeri). There are about 68 high courts: 31 General Courts, 29 Religious Courts, 4 Administrative Courts and 4 Military Courts. There are around 250 district courts with additional district courts being created from time to time.In late 2011, the former chief justice of the Supreme Court, Harifin A. Tumpa, said that the Indonesian government could only aim to establish district courts in 400 of the nation's 530 provinces, regencies (kabupaten) and municipalities (kotamadya). The Supreme Court is the final court of appeal (kasasi) following appeals from the district courts to the high courts. The Supreme Court can also re-examine cases if sufficient new evidence is found.Indrayana (2008), p. 450Tabalujan (2002) Constitutional matters, however, fall within the jurisdiction of the Constitutional Court of Indonesia, established in 2003.

Powers The Supreme Court is empowered with several functions, as follow:

Adjudication The Court serves as the highest court of the land and the final court of appeal in Indonesia. Along with them, the Court also have original jurisdiction over:

all disputes regarding court jurisdiction; reviewing previous court decisions which have entered into force (Peninjauan Kembali); and all disputes which have arisen from the act of seizing foreign ships and their cargos by the Indonesian Navy.

In addition, the Court is empowered to conduct judicial review of all rules and regulations beneath the Act () enacted by the People's Representative Council and the President of Indonesia.

Monitoring As the Supreme Court serves as the highest court, it works to ensure the professionalism and efficiency of all other courts below the Supreme Court, with respect to each individual judges' independence. The Court also supervises the administration of justice as well as lawyers and notaries as far as the court system is concerned.

Regulatory The Supreme Court is empowered to regulate aspects of the administration of justice to fill any gaps yet to be covered by existing law, or to improve upon existing procedural law, if needed.

Advisory The Supreme Court may provide legal advice to other high state institutions. It is best known for providing advice to the president as a constitutional requirement for enacting presidential clemency () and legal rehabilitation.

Administrative The Supreme Court through its Clerk Office () and Secretariat () provide administrative support and organizational regulation for other lesser courts to abide.

Structure As regulated by the 1985 Supreme Court Act () and has since amended twice in 2004 and 2009, the Supreme Court's leadership consists of a Chief Justice, two Deputy Chief Justices, and several (currently seven) Chamber Presidents. The leadership term is five years, and the holders are elected among the sitting justices.Indrayana (2008), pp. 450–451 The justices served as presidents and sitting judges in the chambers of the Supreme Court.

Leadership

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court (); Deputy Chief Justice of the Supreme Court on Judicial Affairs (), who assists the Chief Justice on judicial matters; and Deputy Chief Justice of the Supreme Court on Non-judicial Affairs (), who assists the Chief Justice on non-judicial matters, i.e. administrative and monitoring.

Chambers After a series of organizational reform within the Court, all Supreme Court justices - except the Chief Justice and the two Deputy Chief Justices - are assigned to seven Chambers (Kamar). Presidents for five judicial chambers (civil, criminal, religious, military, and state administration chambers) are subordinated under the Deputy Chief Justice on Judicial Affairs, while the remaining two non-judicial chambers (fostering and monitoring chambers) are subordinated under the Deputy Chief Justice on Non-judicial Affairs.

Chamber President for Civil Cases (); Chamber President for Criminal Cases (); Chamber President for Religious Cases (); Chamber President for Military Cases (); Chamber President for State Administrative Cases (); Chamber President for Fostering (); and Chamber President for Monitoring ().

Clerk Office The Clerk Office of the Supreme Court () handles the judicial aspects of the administration of the Court. It is headed by the Supreme Court Chief Clerk () and subordinated under the leadership elements. The Clerk Office oversees several units, as follow.

Deputy Clerk of Civil Cases (); Deputy Clerk of Special Civil Cases (); Deputy Clerk of Criminal Cases (); Deputy Clerk of Special Criminal Cases (); Deputy Clerk of Religious Civil Cases (); Deputy Clerk of Military Criminal Cases (); Deputy Clerk of State Administrative Cases (); and Clerk Office Secretariat.

The junior clerks of the Supreme Court () are professional judges with at least ten years of experiences serving in the first-level courts. Meanwhile, the deputy clerks must have experiences heading a second-level courts. The junior and deputy clerks are nominated by the chief clerk and appointed by the chief justice.

The chief clerk is nominated by the chief justice and appointed by the president, after serving at least two years as Supreme Court deputy clerk and at least three years as head clerk in a second-level courts.

Secretariat The Secretariat of the Supreme Court () handles the non-judicial aspects of the administration of the Court. It is headed by the Supreme Court Secretary () and subordinated under the leadership elements. According to its last regulation, Presidential Decree No. 21/2024, the Secretariat oversees several units, as follow.

Directorate General on Public Court System (), headed by a director general, and oversees several subdivisions: Directorate of Public Court Technical Support Fostering Directorate of Public Court Fostering Directorate of Administration and Management of Civil Cases Directorate of Administration and Management of Criminal Cases Directorate General Secretariat Directorate General on Religious Court System (), headed by a director general, and oversees several subdivisions: Directorate of Religious Court Technical Support Fostering Directorate of Religious Court Administration Fostering Directorate of Administration and Management of Religious Civil Cases Directorate General Secretariat. Directorate General on Military and State Administrative Court System (), headed by a director general, and oversees several subdivisions: Directorate of Military Court Technical Support Fostering Directorate of State Administrative Court Technical Support Fostering Directorate of Administration and Management of Military Criminal Cases Directorate of Administration and Management of State Administrative Cases Directorate General Secretariat. Monitoring Office (), headed by a chief inspector, and oversees several subdivisions: Regional Inspectorate I, overseeing courts in Sumatra Regional Inspectorate II, overseeing courts in Java and Bali Regional Inspectorate III, overseeing courts in Kalimantan and Sulawesi Regional Inspectorate IV, overseeing courts in Nusa Tenggara, the Moluccas, and Papua Monitoring Office Secretariat Agency on Strategic Policies, Education, and Training of Law and Justice (), headed by an agency head, and oversees several subdivisions: Research and Development Center for Law and Justice Education and Training Center for Judicial Technicalities Education and Training Center for Management and Leadership; and Agency Secretariat. General Administration Office (), headed by an office head, and oversees several subdivisions: Bureau of Planning and Organization Bureau of Human Resources Bureau of Finance Bureau of Equipment Bureau of Executive Secretariat Bureau of Law and Public Relations Bureau of General Affairs.

The Supreme Court Secretary is nominated by the chief clerk and appointed by the chief justice.

Justices According to the Constitution, candidates for Supreme Court Justices are required to have integrity and be of good character as well as be experienced in law.In practice, other qualifications are required as well. In 2011 the chief justice of the Supreme Court, Judge Harifin Tumpa, issued a circular stating that any judges who intended to apply for the position of Supreme Court judge needed to have 20 years experience at the district court level and three years experience at the high court level. '111 judges apply for Supreme Court', The Jakarta Post, 5 January 2012. Candidates are proposed to the House of Representatives by the Judicial Commission.For a report on the process of the selection of six new judges to the Supreme Court in 2011, see Ina Parlina, KY recommends 18 'quality' justice candidates to House' , The Jakarta Post, 2 August 2011. If the House of Representatives approves them, their appointment is then confirmed by the president. As of mid 2011, there was a total of 804 courts of various kinds in Indonesia.Sebastiaan Pompe, 'The Judge S case why court oversight fails', The Jakarta Post, 13 June 2011. About 50 justices sat in the Supreme Court while other high and lower courts across Indonesia employed around 7,000 judges.Ina Parlina, 'Judicial Commission finds justices an elusive lot', The Jakarta Post, 16 July 2011. According to a recent Supreme Court annual report, in 2011 there were 3,927 general court judges, 3,619 religious court judges, 320 state administrative court judges, and 95 military judges in Indonesia. 'Better standard needed to perform high profile duty', The Jakarta Post, 26 April 2012. Officially, the Supreme Court consists of 51 justices divided into 8 chambers.

There are two Deputies Chief Justice: one for Judicial Affairs, which oversees the Civil Chamber, Criminal Chamber, Religious Chamber, Military Chamber, and State Administrative Chamber; the other one is for Non-Judicial Affairs, which oversees the Legal Development Chamber and Supervision Chamber. The current Deputy Chief Justice for Judicial Affairs is Sunarto, who was elected to the position on 3 April 2023. The current Deputy Chief Justice for Non-Judicial Affairs is Suharto, who was elected to the position on 15 May 2024.

The specialized Chambers are currently presided by the following justices, based on the date of their election to the position: President of the Legal Development Chamber: Takdir Rahmadi (elected on 23 December 2014) President of the State Administrative Chamber: Yulius (9 November 2022) President of the Religious Chamber: Amran Suadi (12 April 2017) President of the Military Chamber: Burhan Dahlan (9 October 2018) President of the Criminal Chamber: Vacant (15 May 2024) President of the Civil Chamber: I Gusti Agung Sumanantha (21 February 2020) President of the Supervisory Chamber: Dwiarso Budi Santiarto (21 July 2023)

Before April 2013, Chamber Presidents are referred as Associates Chief Justice (Ketua Muda), but was changed into Chamber President (Ketua Kamar) by Chief Justice Hatta Ali.Supreme Court of Indonesia (1 April 2013), "KEPUTUSAN KETUA MAHKAMAH AGUNG REPUBLIK INDONESIA NOMOR: 050A/KMA/SK/IV/2013 TENTANG PERUBAHAN NOMENKLATUR UNSUR PIMPINAN MAHKAMAH AGUNG REPUBLIK INDONESIA", bawas.mahkamahagung.go.id, accessed 20 May 2021.