__NOTOC__ Plant Resources of Tropical Africa, known by its acronym PROTA, is a retired NGO and interdisciplinary documentation programme active between 2000 and 2013. PROTA produced a large database and various publications about Africa's useful plants.

Purpose PROTA was concerned with increasing accessibility to traditional knowledge and scientific information about many types of African plants including: dyes & tannins, fibers, medicinal plants, stimulants, tropical timbers, vegetables, tubers (carbohydrates), oil seeds, ornamental plants, forage plants, and cereals. PROTA supported the sustainable use of these useful plants to preserve culture, reduce poverty and hunger, and respond to climate change. To this end, PROTA's overall goal was synthesize diverse, published information for approximately 8,000 plants used in tropical Africa, then make it widely accessible through an online database and various book publications. In other words, PROTA was dedicated to making the useful plant biodiversity of tropical Africa better-known and respected.

PROTA's database and various publications are considered unique in their epistemological approach because they were compiled as much from obscure publications as from peer-reviewed and popular literature, gathered throughout Africa and Europe. In this way PROTA publications include Africa-centered references and perspectives, which is a major focus of the broader discipline of African studies. PROTA also was an international NGO registered in Nairobi, Kenya that used information from its publications to structure a number of community projects involving over 800 farmers in Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Kenya, and Madagascar.

Some of PROTA's other goals included:

to promote the sustainable use of plants to the public and private sectors to facilitate socially inclusive, collaborative research about African plants from experts in Africa and elsewhere to make research about African plants more accessible to support intellectual property rights related to the commercial use of African plants to help graduate students and researchers identify research gaps to provide research-driven educational materials to vocational and farmer education programs in Africa

Current status

Funding PROTA retired in 2013 while facing large operational costs after its funding expired. At the point of its retirement, about 50% of PROTA's encyclopedia series was complete. During its operation, PROTA received funds from the European Union's Directorate-General for International Partnerships, Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Netherlands Ministry of Agriculture, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research, Wageningen University, COFRA Foundation, International Tropical Timber Organization, and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Since the program's retirement there have been ongoing efforts to fundraise and preserve PROTA's various publications and online database.

Preservation As of 2022, the PROTA database Prota4U is still online in an archive-like capacity at Wageningen University with articles written in English and French. Information in the PROTA database can also be accessed at the website Pl@ntUse–though in a different format. As of 2019, Prota4U had about 1,500 daily visitors and 500,000 unique visitors each year. All of the PROTA's encyclopedia volumes have been digitized and are available for free as Open access publications from the Wageningen University library. It is uncertain how much of the PROTA Recommends Series has been digitized.

In 2023, PROTA began working with graduate students and faculty affiliated with Indiana University's African Studies Program in Bloomington, Indiana, USA to preserve the PROTA4U online database and digitise remaining publications.

Partners

The programme operated through an international network of institutional partners and collaborators of the PROTA Foundation. PROTA had representatives in 20 African countries and dual headquarters in Wageningen, Netherlands and Nairobi, Kenya. PROTA also had regional offices with institutional partners in Burkina Faso, France, Gabon, Ghana, Madagascar, Malawi, Uganda, and the United Kingdom. In Wageningen, PROTA also partnered with the EU funded, Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA) and the now-retired Agromisa Foundation to help distribute its various publications. Agromisa and PROTA were considered suitable partners because they were both committed to bridging the gap between scientific knowledge and traditional knowledge and were open access publishers of books with practical information about sustainable agriculture for small-farmers in Africa.

+ PROTA Institutional Partners Affiliation Institution Country Francophone Regional Office Centre National de Semences Forestieres Burkina Faso France Country Office Acropolis International France Central Africa Regional Office Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique Gabon West Africa Regional Office Forestry Research Institute of Ghana Ghana Indian Ocean Islands Regional Office Parc Botanique et Zoologique de Tsimbazaza Madagascar Southern Africa Regional Office National Herbarium and Botanical Gardens of Malawi Malawi East Africa Regional Office Makerere University Uganda UK Country Office Kew Gardens United Kingdom Europe Headquarters Wageningen University Netherlands Africa Headquarters World Agroforestry Centre Kenya

Publications

PROTA Handbook Encyclopedia Series

Description The PROTA Handbook Series is a large illustrated encyclopedia series of utility plant species found in Tropical Africa. PROTA's retirement in 2013 made it unfeasible to complete the encyclopedia series, therefore only 9 volumes were ever published. In 2002, the series was projected to contain 16 volumes with entires for 7,000-8000 species. It was estimated that the series would include 2,500 botanical line drawings, and 2,500 species distribution maps in about 11,000 pages. The existing PROTA encyclopedia volumes been described metaphorically in the Kew Bulletin as a treasure trove of information. The Food and Agriculture Organization and Biodiversity International described PROTA 2: Vegetables as a detailed collection of ethnobotanical knowledge. Some PROTA encyclopedias have received more than 376 citations. PROTA Encyclopedia editors included individuals such as G.J. Grubben, who had led projects commissioned by the United Nations International Board for Plant Genetic Resources; and Ameenah Gurib-Fakim, a biodiversity scientist who later became the President of Mauritius. Though organized by species according to conventional botanical nomenclature, PROTA encyclopedias also include vernacular names in major African languages such as Swahili where information was available. PROTA continued to distribute its encyclopedias after the organization's retirement. As of 2019, than 30,000 PROTA encyclopedias had been printed in English and French and were distributed widely with the help of the Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA) and the now-retired Agromisa Foundation. Several PROTA encyclopedias are also available at the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Headquarters' Library in Switzerland.

Content Species articles in the PROTA encyclopedia series were written by hundreds of authors from around the world and in Africa, and cover a range of information including:

plant uses geographic distribution by African country cultivation information wild-collection data production and international trade data chemical properties botanical characteristics ecological information conservation status

Digitization status Currently, all published PROTA encyclopedias volumes have been digitized and are available as Open access publications from the Wageningen University library.Siemonsma, J. & Omino, E., 2003. PROTA State of the art. Pp. 90-100. In: Schmelzer, G.H. & Omino, E.A. Proceedings of the First PROTA International Workshop, 23–25 September 2002, Nairobi, Kenya. Plant Resources of Tropical Africa, Wageningen, the Netherlands. Several encyclopedias in the series were planned but not started at the time of PROTA's retirement in 2013.

+ PROTA Encyclopedia Series TitleStatusYearEditorsLanguage PROTA 1: Cereals and pulses2006Brink, M. and Belay, G. English, French PROTA 2: Vegetables2004Grubben, G.J. and Denton, O.A. PROTA 3: Dyes and tannins 2005Jansen, P.C. and Cardon, D. PROTA 4: Ornamentalscolspan="2" rowspan="1" PROTA 5: Forages colspan="2" rowspan="1" PROTA 6: Fruitscolspan="2" rowspan="1" PROTA 7(1): Timbers2008Louppe D., Oteng-Amoaka A.A. and Brink, M.PROTA 7(2): Timbers2012Lemmens, R., Louppe, D., Oteng-Amoako, A.A. PROTA 8: Carbohydrates colspan="2" rowspan="1" PROTA 9: Auxiliary plantscolspan="2" rowspan="1" PROTA 10: Fuel plantscolspan="2" rowspan="1" PROTA 11(1): Medicinal plants2008Schmelzer, G.H. and Ameenah Gurib-FakimPROTA 11(2): Medicinal plants2013Schmelzer, G.H. and Ameenah Gurib-Fakim PROTA 12: Spices and condiments colspan="2" rowspan="1" PROTA 13: Essential oils and exudates colspan="2" rowspan="1" PROTA 14: Vegetable oils2007van der Vossen, H.A. and Mkamilo, G.S. PROTA 15: Stimulants colspan="2" rowspan="1" PROTA 16: Fibres2012Brink, M. and Achigan-Dako, E.G.

PROTA Recommends Series

Other PROTA Publications

+Other PROTA Publications TitleStatusYearDigitizedEditorsLanguage Plant Resources of Tropical Africa: Precursorcolspan="1" rowspan="6" 2002Oyen, L.P.A. and Lemmens, R.H.M.J.English, FrenchPROTA: Basic list of species and commodity groupings2002Bosch, C.H.PROTA: Updated list of species and commodity groupings2010Chauvet, M.Promising African Plants: A Selection from the PROTA Programme2010 Proceedings of the First PROTA International Workshop2002 PROTA: African Ornamentals: Proposals and Examples 2011

Reception

PROTA2: Vegetables According to Google Scholar PROTA 2: Vegetables has been widely cited, receiving more than 367 citations as of October, 2022. Nigerian ethnobotanists reported in 2004 that PROTA 2: Vegetables included contributions from over 100 authors and detailed cultivation practices for 280 indigenous vegetables. A 2004 report from the University Of Ile-Ife in Nigeria referenced PROTA 2: Vegetables to emphasize the importance of indigenous vegetables such as Solanum macrocarpon and Telfairia occidentalis in providing employment opportunities in informal economies and in incorporating indigenous vegetables into plant breeding programs. A 2004 book review in the Kew Bulletin regarded PROTA 2: Vegetables as being well cited, with over 1500 references. A 2004 book review in the Nordic Journal of Botany commented that PROTA 2: Vegetables "should be found on the bookshelves of every institution dealing with tropical botany, nutrition, health, and agriculture" A 2004 book review from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and Biodiversity International said that PROTA 2: Vegetables brought needed addition to literature about vegetable resources in Africa, and that many of the vegetables described in the volume are unique to Africa. The book review also commented that PROTA2: Vegetables was particular useful for its detailed collection of ethnobotanical knowledge about both domesticated and wild-harvested vegetables in Africa.

PROTA3: Dyes and Tannins A 2006 book review of PROTA 3: Dyes and tannins published in Economic Botany noted that "the information contained in this volume highlights a number of lesser known species, and is a rich source of interesting information for anyone working at the interface of ethnobotany and domestication, and as such is a must have."Van Damme, P., 2006. Book review - Plant Resources of Tropical Africa 3: Dyes and tannins. Economic Botany 60: 296-306. About 64% of the 24 authors of PROTA 3: Dyes and tannins were from Africa.

PROTA11: Medicinal Plants