The Southern Rhodesia African National Congress (SRANC) was a political party active between 1957–1959 in Southern Rhodesia (now modern-day Zimbabwe). Committed to the promotion of indigenous African welfare, it was the first fully fledged black nationalist organisation in the country. While short-lived — it was outlawed by the predominantly white minority government in 1959 — it marked the beginning of political action towards black majority rule in Southern Rhodesia, and was the original incarnation of the National Democratic Party (NDP); the Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU); the Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU); and the Zimbabwe African National Union — Patriotic Front (ZANU–PF), which has governed Zimbabwe continuously since 1980. Many political figures who later became prominent, including Robert Mugabe and Joshua Nkomo, were members of the SRANC."Robert Gabriel Mugabe" Who's Who: Southern Africa. 2010. WhosWho.co.za. 1 December 2010
Beginnings By the 1950s, the native peoples of Southern Rhodesia were increasingly dissatisfied with their treatment by the white minority government. In rural areas, the Native Reserves Land were overstocked and in deteriorating condition. In a response to increasing soil erosion, the government introduced the Land Husbandry Act of 1951. The bill was a failure, and did not take into consideration the ecological diversity of the land it reallocated. Problems with the Land Husbandry Act could have been rectified to better suit the native population, but it was in the best interests of the settler population to keep people on the reserves poor, thereby maintaining the unequal wealth distribution the settlers so enjoyed. The Bill saw heavy opposition by both rural farmers, and urban workers.Phimister, Ian. "Rethinking the Reserves: Southern Rhodesia's Land Husbandry Act Reviewed." Journal of Southern African Studies. 19.2 (1993): pp. 226–29Sibanda, Eliakim M. “The Zimbabwe African People's Union 1961–87: A Political History of Insurgency in Southern Rhodesia.” 1st ed. Asmara, ERITREA: Africa World Press, Inc. (2005): pp. 38
Strict segregation in urban areas separated the black and white populations in hospitals, hotels and schools, and prevented Africans from drinking alcoholic beverages. The Land Apportionment Act of 1930 implemented rigid policy about domestic travel within the country; requiring Blacks to present papers when travelling between areas. The Land Tenure Act of the same year reallocated Africans' land, pushing families out of their homes, and giving better areas to the white settlers. Despite being a minority, white settlers were allocated , while the black majority received a disproportionately small . Moreover, Blacks were relocated to areas with poor quality soil, endemic malaria, and tsetse fly infestations. In cities, workers had little control over conditions, because trade unions had limited power due to heavy government restrictions. Despite having established only twelve public schools for Black children by 1950, a growing educated elite of wealthy Africans was developing in the cities.Sibanda, Eliakim M. "The Zimbabwe African People's Union 1961–87: A Political History of Insurgency in Southern Rhodesia." 1st ed. Asmara, ERITREA: Africa World Press, Inc. (2005): pp. 39–42 Extreme racism, however, prevented the Black bourgeois from identifying with their White economic counterparts, and they sympathised instead with the plighted rural farmers on reserves.Msindo, Enocent. "Ethnicity and Nationalism in Urban Colonial Zimbabwe: Bulawayo, 1950 to 1963." Journal of Southern African Studies. 48.2 (2007): 274
Formation Joshua Nkomo was a graduate of Adams College in Natal and at the Jan H. Hofmeyr School of Social Work in Johannesburg. After working on the Rhodesian Railways African Employees' Association, he was elected President of the Bulawayo-based Southern Rhodesian chapter of the African National Congress (ANC) in 1952."Joshua Mqabuko Nkomo." Encyclopedia of World Biography. 2004. Encyclopedia.com. (9 December 2010). At the time, ANC membership included Knight TT Maripe, Jason Ziyapapa Moyo, Edward Ndlovu, and Francis Nehwati. In September 1956, the United Transport Company scheduled to increase fares to such a level that workers would be spending between 18% and 30% of their income on transportation alone. In response to the price hike, James Chikerema, George Nyandoro, Dudziye Chisiza and Edson Sithole founded the Salisbury based City Youth League (later the African Youth League), and organised a mass boycott that was successful in preventing the price change.
On 12 September 1957, the largely dormant ANC and the City Youth League merged to found the Southern Rhodesia African National Congress. The date was significant, being the 67th anniversary of Occupation Day, a holiday celebrated by the white settler population. Having proved himself a strong organiser and powerful negotiator, Joshua Nkomo was inaugurated president. James Chikerema came on as vice-president, George Nyandaro as secretary, Ziyapapa Moyo as vice secretary, Joseph Msika as treasurer, and Paul Mushonga as vice treasurer.Sibanda, Eliakim M. "The Zimbabwe African People's Union 1961–87: A Political History of Insurgency in Southern Rhodesia." 1st ed. Asmara, ERITREA: Africa World Press, Inc. (2005): pp. 34–36. SRANC took on a multi-ethnic executive membership from across the country, which made for a unified national organisation, and included white members such as Guy Clutton-Brock, an anti-apartheid agriculturalist.Day, John. "Review: Cold Comfort Confronted, and Rhodesian Black Behind Bars." Journal of Southern African Studies. 1.2 (1975): 265–66
Ideology and organisation The Southern Rhodesia Africa National Congress established itself as a nonviolent reform group, acting on platforms of universal suffrage, anti-discrimination, increased standards of living for African peoples, the eradication of racism, expanding and de-racializing the education system, free travel for all Rhodesians within the country, the inauguration of democratic systems, and direct participation in the government."Weapons Flows in Zimbabwe, Mozambique and Swaziland" Monographs No 34. 1999. Iss.co.za. 1 December 2010 Gutterage, William & Spence, J.E. "Violence in Southern Africa." 1st ed. London: Newbury House. (1997): pp. 61
By adopting a constitution, they established themselves as the first mass resistance movement in Southern Rhodesia.Sibanda, Eliakim M. “The Zimbabwe African People's Union 1961–87: A Political History of Insurgency in Southern Rhodesia.” 1st ed. Asmara, ERITREA: Africa World Press, Inc. (2005): pp. 37.
SRANC was unique in that they rallied support largely from the rural population, and addressed the grievances of farmers on the reserves. They engaged in house to house, village to village recruiting, and called upon grassroots organising and churches. They held rallies, direct confrontation demonstrations, and canvassed for support internationally.
Nkomo successfully suspended the Land Husbandry Act and openly condemned the bill in a public statement saying: "Any act whose effects undermine the security of our small land rights, dispossess us of our little wealth in the form of cattle, disperse us from our ancestral homes in the reserves and reduce us to the status of vagabonds and as a source of cheap labour for the farmers, miners, and industrialists – such and Act will turn the African People against society to the detriment of the peace and progress of this country."Phimister, Ian. "Rethinking the Reserves: Southern Rhodesia's Land Husbandry Act Reviewed." Journal of Southern African Studies. 19.2 (1993): pp. 227–28.
The Congress was successful in preventing government interference in traditional marriage customs, and was instrumental in the banning of Depo Provera (a birth control compound), and expressed “deep suspicion... that there is a political motive behind the scheme of birth control.”Kaler, Amy. "A Threat to the Nation and a Threat to the Men: The Banning of Depo-Provera in Zimbabwe" Journal of Southern African Studies. 24.2 (1981): pp. 356.
Commitment to nonviolence, utilisation of civil disobedience, and Pan-Africanism created a likeness between SRANC and the civil rights movement happening at the same time in the United States. Said Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. of the Congress: "Although we are separated by miles, we are closer together in mutual struggle for freedom and human brotherhood... there is no basic difference between colonialism and segregation... our struggles are not only similar; they are in a real sense one."Sibanda, Eliakim M. “The Zimbabwe African People's Union 1961–87: A Political History of Insurgency in Southern Rhodesia.” 1st ed. Asmara, ERITREA: Africa World Press, Inc. (2005): pp. 41.
Until 1958, SRANC found an ally in Prime Minister Garfield Todd, who met with them regularly and attempted to introduce reforms to "advance gradually the rights of the 7,000,000 blacks without upsetting the rule of the 250,000 whites."“Central Africa: Who's a Liberal?" Time. 27 January 1958. Under his administration the minimum wage for black workers was raised, restaurants and similar establishments were given the option of being multi-racial, and restrictions on alcohol consumption were relaxed.Sibanda, Eliakim M. "The Zimbabwe African People's Union 1961–87: A Political History of Insurgency in Southern Rhodesia." 1st ed. Asmara, ERITREA: Africa World Press, Inc. (2005): pp. 45–47. In the Summer of 1957, Todd pushed through a reform that would increase the number of voting Africans from 2% to 16%, much to the dismay of his party. 27 January 1958. Time. 1 December 2010 “Central Africa: Who's a Liberal?"
Despite changing international opinion about colonialism, the emergence of independent African states, and the increasing momentum of civil rights movements around the globe in the 1950s and 1960s, the settler government of Southern Rhodesia remained stubbornly resistant to imperial reform. White settlers in Southern Rhodesia were threatened by the idea of advancing the black majority; the country being reliant largely on exports of cotton and tobacco, their livelihood necessitated access to cheap labour. English settlers to Rhodesia had found a much improved standard of living and great wealth, and they viewed that improving conditions for the native majority was a threat to their new-found luxury.Phimister, Ian. "Rethinking the Reserves: Southern Rhodesia's Land Husbandry Act Reviewed." Journal of Southern African Studies. 19.2 (1993): pp. 230–31
Todd's fall and the banning of SRANC In 1958, after a one-month holiday in South Africa, Todd returned to Southern Rhodesia to discover his cabinet had resigned in protest of his liberal racial policies, and only 14 of the 24 legislators in his party supported his remaining in office. Todd refused to resign, but on 8 February, he was voted out at a United Federal Party congress and replaced by Edgar Whitehead."Central Africa: Whols a Liberal?" TIME Magazine. 27 January 1958. Time.com. 1 Dec 2010 Sibanda, Eliakim M. "The Zimbabwe African People's Union 1961–87: A Political History of Insurgency in Southern Rhodesia." 1st ed. Asmara, ERITREA: Africa World Press, Inc. (2005): pp. 51–53