George Cadle Price (15 January 191919 September 2011) was a Belizean statesman who served as the head of government of Belize from 1961 to 1984 and 1989 to 1993. He was the first minister and premier under British rule until independence in 1981 and was the nation's first prime minister after independence that year. He is considered one of the principal architects of Belizean independence. Today he is referred to by many as the "Father of the Nation". Price effectively dominated Belizean politics from the early 1960s until his 1996 retirement from party leadership, having been the nation's head of government under various titles for most of that period.
He entered politics in 1947 with his election to the Belize City Council. In 1949, with the devaluation of the British Honduran dollar he, together with a group of citizens, formed the People's Committee. It was the start of the "peaceful, constructive Belizean revolution". On 29 September 1950, he co-founded the People's United Party, which he led for four decades and which was devoted to the political and economic independence of the British colony, then known as British Honduras.
Early life and education George Price was born in Belize City in what was then British Honduras, to William and Irene Secilia () Price. His father was an upper middle-class Creole businessman and officer of partial Scottish descent. His mother was a woman of mixed Maya and Mestizo descent from Orange Walk who had later moved to Belize City following the death of her mother. He was the third eldest child and had eight sisters and two brothers in total. Price lived in the Price family house on Pickstock Street in the North Side of Belize City, and the family had five servants including a cook and maid.
Price received his early education at Holy Redeemer Primary School and St. John's College High School (SJC). He survived the hurricane of 1931 which destroyed SJC at Loyola Park, swimming away from the wreckage. Under the Jesuits, he was exposed to the teachings of Catholic social justice, in particular the encyclical Rerum novarum. Upon graduation, the young Price felt a call to the priesthood, so he went to study abroad, first attending Saint Augustine's Minor Seminary in Mississippi, United States, and later the Mayor Seminario Conciliar in Guatemala City. Witnessing the development of Guatemala compared to British Honduras at the time radicalized Price as he believed that the British were holding the colony back from achieving the development of its Central American neighbors.
The war in Europe prevented him from completing his studies in Rome and, instead, George Price returned to Belize. Price never went on to become a priest, although throughout his life Price remained a devout Roman Catholic and attended Mass daily.Rt. Hon. George Cadle Price – a legend , Krem Radio, 24 September 2011. (accessed 9 October 2014) Upon his return to Belize he was hired by local businessman Robert Sidney Turton as his private secretary. Price also contributed to the Belize Billboard, then run by Philip Goldson.
Early political career After receiving encouragement from Turton, Price ran for election to the Belize City Council in 1944 and 1947, being successful in 1947. Upon the formation of the People's Committee (PC) in 1950, Price was named its Assistant Secretary, and in a famous speech later that year claimed that "National Unity" propelled the PC's actions. Later that year, in September of 1950, the PC was dissolved and in its place, Price, alongside other prominent Belizean activists John Smith, Leigh Richardson, and Philip Goldson, founded the People's United Party (PUP). With the formation of the PUP, Price's stature rose and he ascended through the party ranks until he became Party Leader following a leadership dispute with Leigh Richardson and Philip Goldson in 1956 over whether or not Belize should seek to join the West Indies Federation. Price vehemently opposed joining the federation, while Richardson and Goldson were in favor of it. Richardson and Goldson left the party following the dispute, leaving Price to assume the leadership of the PUP, a position he would hold until 1996. Following the dispute, Richardson and Goldson left the PUP went on to found the short-lived Honduran Independence Party (HIP) following a split in the party.
In addition to his position in the PUP, Price also oversaw the integration of the General Workers' Union (GWU) with the PUP, becoming the union's President in 1952. Price was behind the 1952 General Strike, aiming to strengthen the party. Following Price's takeover of the party, the GWU sided with the new HIP, causing Price and the PUP to found the rival Christian Democratic Union (CDU). This schism caused the power of trade unions in Belize to be eclipsed by those of political parties, and the primary movement in Belize going forward became the Price-led nationalist movement.
Price was first elected to the colony's newly created Legislative Assembly in 1954General Elections 1954 , Belize Elections and Boundaries Commission. (accessed 19 November 2014), the first election held in Belize under universal adult suffrage. In 1957, despite the formation of the HIP, the PUP in its first election under Price easily swept all nine seats in the Legislative Assembly. Price repeated the same electoral feat in 1961 following the expansion of the legislature from 9 to 18 seats. From 1956 to 1962, Price also served as mayor of Belize City.
Achieving self-rule and independence Price led negotiations with the British to achieve self-rule for British Honduras, and eventually independence. His efforts were hampered by accusations that Price had taken bribes from Guatemala, and the British authorities accused Price of sedition, charging him with the act in 1958. The British accusations of sedition did not have the desired effect on Price and the PUP, and did not affect their popularity.
In 1961, British Honduras was struck by Hurricane Hattie, devastating much of Belize City. Price, who envisioned a Belize that included the rural areas and was not as centered on Belize City, took the opportunity to propose building a new capital farther inland. Price successfully lobbied the British in the period following Hattie, and the construction of a new capital, Belmopan, was included in the British aid and rehabilitation projects. However, following his trial for sedition, and the reliance the country had on British aid in the aftermath of Hurricane Hattie, Price was pushed into closer cooperation with the British.
Self-government In 1963, the British government agreed to grant Belize full internal self-government, which was seen as the last step prior to achieving independence. From the beginning of self-rule until independence, Price maintained his position as First Minister and later Premier of Belize, with the PUP continuing to dominate every single election. The PUP did however, lose its status as the only party in government to the National Independence Party (NIP), led by Philip Goldson. Goldson and the NIP consistently campaigned that Price and the PUP were too lenient on the issue of Guatemala, and that pursuing independence too quickly or without British guarantees would open the country up to a Guatemalan invasion.
While Goldson and the NIP pressed Price from the right, Price and the PUP also faced insurgent political movements from the left, accusing the PUP of not doing enough to materially improve the lives of Belizeans, and criticizing the PUP's anti-communist stance. The primary movements in this sector were the United Black Association for Development (UBAD) led by Evan X Hyde, which sought to import American ideals of "black power" to Belize, and the People's Action Committee (PAC) led by Assad Shoman and Said Musa. The two movements briefly joined into the Revolutionary Action Movement (RAM), but broke apart over internal disagreements. The PUP distrusted these new movements, although Price assured them he shared their same goals. While UBAD fractured and disbanded, Hyde continued to be a frequent critic of Price as editor and founder of the Amandala newspaper, accusing him of being a shepherd who treated the Belizean people like sheep. Meanwhile, Price successfully absorbed the PAC along with Shoman and Musa into the PUP, offering them the ability to run for seats in Legislative Assembly during the 1974 election. This was also the first election in which the PUP's main opponent was the new United Democratic Party (UDP), led by Dean Lindo, which had formed as a merger of the NIP, the People's Development Movement, and the Liberal Party in 1973 to present a stronger unified opposition to the PUP.
Internationalisation and the Guatemala dispute The primary roadblock in securing Belize's independence was the unresolved border dispute with Guatemala. The British were reluctant to give Belize independence while the issue remained live, and while Price desired independence without a British guarantee of security, as had been the case with other independent Commonwealth countries, the opposition led by Goldson demanded a guarantee be a prerequisite for independence. The British on the other hand, refused the possibility of a guarantee. During negotiations between Belize, the British, and Guatemala over the dispute, Guatemala demanded a quarter of Belize's territory to recognize Belizean independence. The British and the United States urged Price to accept the deal, but Price was adamant about independence without ceding any Belizean territory.
To avoid ceding territory to Guatemala, Price shifted tactics, and instead sought to internationalise the dispute, and draw international support to Belize's claim. In 1972, deputy prime minister C.L.B. Rogers toured the Middle East and Africa garnering support. Price and the PUP also secured the support of nations from the Commonwealth and the Non-Aligned Movement, and further sought to integrate itself internationally by becoming a founding member of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM). In 1975, Price took Belize's initiative to the United Nations (UN), and set up an office at the General Assembly headed by Shoman, which lobbied for successive resolutions to guarantee Belize's independence in 1981 with all of its territory intact. As Belize gained the support of the international community, barriers remained in Belize's lack of support amongst the nations of Latin America (aside from Cuba) and the United States, which backed Guatemala's right-wing military dictatorship as a bulwark against communism.
The momentum shifted towards Belize's position amongst the nations of Latin America when Price secured the support of Panamanian military leader Omar Torrijos in 1976. Torrijos promised to Panamanian military support to Belize and its backing in the case of an invasion, and went on to campaign for Belize's stance with other Latin American countries by referring to Price as the "José Martí of Belize", eventually flipping the support of Mexico, Venezuela, Argentina, and Peru. In 1979, with the fall of the Somoza dictatorship in Nicaragua, Honduras and El Salvador were left as the only countries in the region to not back Belize's claim.
Independence The 1979 election was one of the last critical tests the Price-led PUP administration faced in achieving independence in 1981. It was largely expected that due to fatigue with successive PUP governments, the UDP could finally win an election. The election was also treated as a referendum on whether to pursue independence in 1981, as the UDP were in favor of delaying it until a British security guarantee could be assured. The election was the closest in regards to the popular vote that Belize had seen up until that point, although the PUP emerged with a stronger majority than before by one seat. With a mandate guaranteed until 1981, Price and the PUP were set to achieve Belizean independence.