In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup G is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.
Origin Haplogroup G is a descendant of haplogroup M. Haplogroup G is divided into subclades G1, G2, G3, and G4.
Distribution It is an East Asian haplogroup.Haplogroup G. Today, haplogroup G is found at its highest frequency in indigenous populations of the lands surrounding the Sea of Okhotsk.mtDNA Haplogroup Testing Haplogroup G is one of the most common mtDNA haplogroups among modern Ainu, Siberian, Mongol, Tibetan and Central and North Asian Turkic peoples (as well as among people of the prehistoric Jōmon culture in Hokkaidō). It is also found at a lower frequency among many other populations of East Asia, Central Asia, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Nepal. However, unlike other mitochondrial DNA haplogroups typical of populations of northeastern Asia, such as haplogroup A, haplogroup C, and haplogroup D, haplogroup G has not been found among indigenous peoples of the Americas.
Table of Frequencies by ethnic group PopulationFrequencyCountSourceSubtypesItelmen0.68147G1=32Koryak0.419155G1=65Chuvantsi (Markovo, Chukotka)0.28132G1=9Negidal0.27333G1=9Tharu (Chitwan, Nepal)0.233133G2a=19, G(xG2a)=12Kazakh (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.20020G2a=4Ainu0.19651G1=8, G2=2Tibetan (Lhasa, Tibet)0.18244G2a=3, G3b=3, G2(xG2a)=2Mongolian (Ulan Bator)0.17047G2a=5, G(xG1a, G2, G3)=2, G3=1Korean (Arun Banner)0.16748G2(xG2a)=3, G2a=3, G1a=1, G3=1Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet)0.16724G=4Oirat Mongol (Xinjiang)0.16349G2a=3, G2(xG2a)=3, G(xG1a, G2, G3)=2Tibetan (Shannan, Tibet)0.15819G=3Yukaghir (Lower Kolyma-Indigirka)0.14682G1=12Kyrgyz (Talas)0.14648G2a=7Tibetan (Shannan, Tibet)0.14555G2a=4, G2(xG2a)=3, G3b=1Uyghur (Xinjiang)0.12847G2a=5, G3=1Tharu (Morang, Nepal)0.12540G2a=4, G(xG2a)=1Japanese (Gifu)0.1161617G=188Ulch0.11587G1=9, G2=1Oroqen (Oroqen Autonomous Banner)0.11444G(xG1a, G2, G3)=5Tibetan (Qinghai)0.10756G(xG2, G3)=2, G2a=2, G2(xG2a)=1, G3=1Mongolian (Ulan Bator)0.10647G2a=4, G1=1Tuvan0.10595G2=6, G3=4Huatou Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi)0.10519G2=2Japanese0.104211G4a=12, G2a=6, G4b=2, G2(xG2a)=1, G(xG2, G4a, G4b)=1Tibetan (Chamdo, Tibet)0.10329G3b=2, G2a=1Tibetan (Shigatse, Tibet)0.10329G2a=2, G2(xG2a)=1Korean (South Korea)0.103185G2(xG2a)=7, G2a=6, G3=4, G1a=1, G(xG1a, G2, G3)=1Japanese (Tokyo)0.102118G=12Khamnigan (Buryatia)0.10199G2a=9, G3=1Han (Beijing)0.10040G2a=2, G2(xG2a)=1, G(xG1a, G2, G3)=1Manchurian0.10040G1a=3, G2a=1Tu Yao (Hezhou, Guangxi)0.09841G2=4Japanese (Tōkai)0.096282G1a=13, G(xG1a, G1b)=12, G1b=2Even (Eveno-Bytantaysky & Momsky)0.095105G1b=9, G2a(xG2a5)=1Barghut (Hulunbuir)0.094149G2=13, G3=1Chukchi0.09166G1=6Xiban Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi)0.09111G2=1Daur (Evenk Autonomous Banner)0.08945G1a=2, G2a=2Hui (Xinjiang)0.08945G2a=2, G1a=1, G(xG1a, G2, G3)=1Japanese (Hokkaidō)0.088217G1a=11, G(xG1a, G1b)=7, G1b=1Evenk (New Barag Left Banner)0.08547G(xG1a, G2, G3)=4Zhuang(Napo County, Guangxi)0.085130G2=8G(xG2)=3Pumi (Ninglang, Yunnan)0.08336G(xG2, G3)=2, G3=1Kalmyk (Kalmykia)0.082110G2a=7, G1=1, G(xG1, G2a, G3)=1Buryat0.08025G2=1, G3=1Buryat0.079126G2a=8, G2(xG2a)=2Korean (South Korea)0.079203G1a=9, G(xG1a, G1b)=7Bai (Dali, Yunnan)0.07468G2(xG2a)=5Dargin (Dagestan)0.07128G=2Uzbek (Xinjiang)0.06958G2a=2, G3=1, G(xG1a, G2, G3)=1Chinese (Shenyang, Liaoning)0.069160G(xG1a, G1b)=8, G1a=3Korean (South Korea)0.068103G2a=3, G1=2, G3=2Korean (Seoul National University Hospital)0.068633G=43Yakut (northern Yakutia)0.068148G2a5=6, G2a(xG2a5)=2, G1b=2Chukchi (Anadyr)0.06715G1=1Naxi (Lijiang, Yunnan)0.06745G(xG2, G3)=3Tujia (Yongshun, Hunan)0.06730G(xG2, G3)=1, G2(xG2a)=1Tuvinian0.067105G2a=4, G1=2, G3=1Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou)0.06531G2a=2Mien (Shangsi, Guangxi)0.06332G2=2Korean (South Korea)0.061261G(xG2)=11, G2=5Mansi0.06198G2=6Japanese (Miyazaki)0.060100G4a=2, G1a=1, G1b=1, G2a1(xG2a1a)=1, G2a1a=1Han (Beijing Normal University)0.058121G=7Tibetan (Zhongdian, Yunnan)0.05735G3=2Kazakh (Xinjiang)0.05753G1a=1, G2a=1, G(xG1a, G2, G3)=1Altai Kizhi0.05690G1=4, G2a=1Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet)0.05654G2(xG2a)=1, G2a=1, G3b=1Han (Denver, Colorado)0.05573G=4Kazakh (Kazakhstan)0.05555G2a=3Japanese (Tōhoku)0.054336G1a=13, G(xG1a, G1b)=5Nivkh (northern Sakhalin)0.05456G1=3Karakalpak (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.05020G2a=1Kim Mun (Malipo, Yunnan)0.05040G2=2Tajik (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.05020G2a=1Uzbek (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.05040G2a=2Yi (Shuangbai, Yunnan)0.05040G(xG2, G3)=1, G2(xG2a)=1Orok (Sakhalin)0.04961G=3Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou)0.049102G(xG2, G3)=4, G2a1=1Yakut (vicinity of Yakutsk)0.049164G2a(xG2a5)=6, G2a5=2Hmong (Jishou, Hunan)0.049103G3=2, G(xG2, G3)=2, G2=1Vietnamese0.04842G1a=1, G3=1Japanese (northern Kyūshū)0.047256G(xG1a, G1b)=9, G1a=3Tujia (western Hunan)0.04764G(xG2, G3)=1, G2(xG2a)=1, G3=1Tajik (Tajikistan)0.04544G2a=1, G3=1Yukaghir (Verkhnekolymsky & Nizhnekolymsky)0.04522G1b=1Hazara (North West Frontier Province & Balochistan)0.04323G=1Mongol (New Barag Left Banner)0.04248G2(xG2a)=2Evenk (Krasnoyarsk)0.04173G2a=2, G1=1Aini (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.04050G2a=2Korean (northern China)0.03951G2a=1, G2(xG2a)=1Kumik (Dagestan)0.03826G=1Lanten Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi)0.03826G2=1Yakut (Vilyuy River basin)0.036111G2a(xG2a5)=2, G2a5=1, G1b=1Dong (Tianzhu County, Guizhou)0.03628G(xG1a, G2)=1Cun (Hainan)0.03330G=1Nu (Gongshan, Yunnan)0.03330G(xG2, G3)=1Lingao (Hainan)0.03231G=1Yi (Luxi, Yunnan)0.03231G(xG2, G3)=1Pan Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi)0.03132G(xG2, G3)=1Nogai (Dagestan)0.03033G=1Han (Southwest China; pool of 44 Sichuan, 34 Chongqing, 33 Yunnan, & 26 Guizhou)0.029137G1=3, G2=1Han (southern California)0.028390G=11Telenghit (Altai Republic)0.02871G2a=2Yakut (Yakutia)0.02836G2a=1Hmong (Wenshan, Yunnan)0.02639G(xG2, G3)=1Yakut0.026117G2a=2, G1a=1Evenk (Ust-Maysky, Oleneksky, and Zhigansky)0.024125G1b=2, G2a(xG2a5)=1Uzbek (Surkhandarya, Uzbekistan)0.02442G=1Evenk (Buryatia)0.02245G3=1Taiwanese (Taipei, Taiwan)0.02291G(xG1a, G1b)=2Han (Taiwan)0.0211117G=24Han (Xinjiang)0.02147G2a=1Kyrgyz (Sary-Tash)0.02147G2a=1Hindu (New Delhi)0.02148G(xG2a)=1Kazakh (Kosh-Agachsky, Altai Republic)0.02098G2=1, G3=1Turkish (Anatolia, Turkey)0.02050G=1Khanty0.019106G2=2Uyghur (Kazakhstan)0.01855G2(xG2a)=1Khakassian (Khakassia)0.01857G3=1Mansi0.01663G2=1Okinawa0.015326G(xG1a, G1b)=3, G1a=2Persian (eastern Iran)0.01282G2a=1Pakistani (Karachi, Pakistan)0.010100G=1Li (Hainan)0.009346G=3Dolgan (Anabarsky, Volochanka, Ust-Avam, and Dudinka)0.006154G1b=1Cham (Bình Thuận, Vietnam)0.006168G=1Turkish people0.005773G2a2(xG2a2a)=4Taiwan aborigines0.002640G=1Dingban Yao (Mengla, Yunnan)0.00010 -Yukaghir (Upper Kolyma)0.00018 -Filipino (Palawan)0.00020 -Yi (Hezhang County, Guizhou)0.00020 -Hindu (Chitwan, Nepal)0.00024 -Guoshan Yao (Jianghua, Hunan)0.00024 -Bunu (Dahua & Tianlin, Guangxi)0.00025 -Kurd (northwestern Iran)0.00025 -Iu Mien (Mengla, Yunnan)0.00027 -Andhra Pradesh (tribal)0.00029 -Tujia (Yanhe County, Guizhou)0.00029 -Batak (Palawan)0.00031 -Wuzhou Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi)0.00031 -Bapai Yao (Liannan, Guangdong)0.00035 -Tibetan (Nagchu, Tibet)0.00035 -Aleut (Commander Islands)0.00036 -Eskimo (Sireniki)0.00037 -Eskimo (Naukan)0.00039 -Nganasan0.00039 -Thai0.00040 -Lowland Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi)0.00042 -Eskimo (Chaplin)0.00050 -Teleut (Kemerovo)0.00053 -Han (Hunan & Fujian)0.00055 -Saami (Finland)0.00069 -Shor (Kemerovo)0.00082 -Eskimo (Canada)0.00096 -Saami (Sweden)0.00098 -Aleut (Aleutian Islands)0.000163 -Saami (Norway)0.000278 -Eskimo (Greenland)0.000385 -
Subclades Subclade G2 is the most widely distributed, being found with low frequency in many populations all the way from eastern Europe (Poles, Ukrainians, Lipka Tatars) and western Siberia (Mansi, Khanty) to Japan (Japanese, Ainu) and from Iran (Persian) to southern China (Hmong and Tujia in Hunan and Mien in Guangxi) and Southeast Asia (Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia). G2 (and especially its subclade G2a) is notably frequent among many Mongolic- or Turkic-speaking populations of northern East Asia and Central Asia. G2a also has been found with high frequency in some samples of Tharus from southern Nepal. The subclade G2a3 has been observed in Russia, an Azeri in Iran,Derenko M, Malyarchuk B, Bahmanimehr A, Denisova G, Perkova M, et al. (2013), "Complete Mitochondrial DNA Diversity in Iranians." PLoS ONE 8(11): e80673. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080673 and a Uyghur in Artux, Xinjiang, China; its subclade G2a3a has been observed among Komis and Udmurts.Kristiina Tambets, Bayazit Yunusbayev, Georgi Hudjashov, et al., "Genes reveal traces of common recent demographic history for most of the Uralic-speaking populations." Genome Biology (2018) 19:139. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13059-018-1522-1 Subclade G2a4 has been observed in China, Taiwan, and in a Ukrainian from the Lviv region of western Ukraine. Subclade G2a5 has been observed in Japan, Korea, and among Buryats, Barghuts, and various Turkic peoples (Karachay, Balkar, Kyrgyz, Kazakh, Karakalpak, Telengit, Tubalar, Yakut).
Subclade G1 is almost completely responsible for the high frequency of haplogroup G in populations located around the Sea of Okhotsk (Itelmen, Koryak, Negidal, Ulch, Ainu, Chukchi, Nivkh, etc.). G1 in Luoravetlans (Koryak & Chukchi) is essentially G1b, and this subclade is also found with generally low frequency in populations of Yakutia to the west (Evens, Yukaghirs, Evenks, Yakuts, Dolgans) as well as in Japan. G1a has been found in samples from China (Daur, Hui, Kazakh, Sarikoli, Korean, Manchu, Yi, Jino, Yunnan Dai, Jiangxi Han, and a sample of the general population of the city of Shenyang), Tajikistan (Pamiris), Japan, Korea, Vietnam, and central Siberia (Yakut, Altai-kizhi). G1c has been found in China, Korea, and a Seletar.
Subclade G3 is relatively rare. It has been found mainly among Koreans, Tibetans, and presently Turkic- or Mongolic-speaking populations in southern Siberia and vicinity, and occasionally among Evenks in Buryatia, Japanese, Pumi, Naxi, Uyghurs,Min-Sheng Peng, Weifang Xu, Jiao-Jiao Song, et al. (2018), "Mitochondrial genomes uncover the maternal history of the Pamir populations." European Journal of Human Genetics https://doi.org/10.1038/s41431-017-0028-8 Sarikolis, Tajiks, Pashtuns and Hazaras in Afghanistan, Kashmir, Han Chinese in Sichuan, Hmong and Tujia in western Hunan, and Vietnamese.
Subclade G4 has been found in Japan and possibly in one Chinese individual from Guizhou.Qing-Peng Kong, Chang Sun, Hua-Wei Wang, et al. (2011), "Large-Scale mtDNA Screening Reveals a Surprising Matrilineal Complexity in East Asia and Its Implications to the Peopling of the Region." Molecular Biology and Evolution 28(1):513–522. doi:10.1093/molbev/msq219
Tree This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup G subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation and subsequent published research.
G G1 G1a G1a1 G1a1a G1a1a1 G1a1a2 G1a1a3 G1a2'3 G1a2 G1a3 G1a3a G1b G1c G2 G2a G2a1 G2a1a G2a1b G2a1c G2a2 G2a3 G2a3a G2a4 G2b G2b1 G3 G3a G3a1 G3a2 G3b G3b1 G4
See also Genealogical DNA test Genetic genealogy Human mitochondrial genetics Population genetics Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups
References
Works cited
External links
General Ian Logan's Mitochondrial DNA Site Mannis van Oven's Phylotree Haplogroup G YFull MTree's Haplogroup G mitoLEAF's Haplogroup G MITOMAP's Haplogroup G FamilyTreeDNA's Mitotree: Haplogroup G FamilyTreeDNA's mtDNA Haplotree: Haplogroup G FamilyTreeDNA's G mtDNA Project