Kharlamov (, female Kharlamova (Харламова)) is a Russian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Alexander Kharlamov, ice hockey player Garik Kharlamov, Russian actor, resident of Comedy Club Russia Nikolay Mikhaylovich Kharlamov, military leader Semyon Kharlamov, a Soviet aircraft pilot and Hero of the Soviet Union Sergei Kharlamov, a Russian footballer Valeri Kharlamov, ice hockey player Vasily Kharlamov, military leader Viatcheslav M. Kharlamov (born 1950), Russian-French mathematician