The geography of Indonesia is dominated by volcanoes that are formed due to subduction zones between the Eurasian plate and the Indo-Australian plate. Some of the volcanoes are notable for their eruptions, for instance, Krakatoa for its global effects in 1883, the Lake Toba Caldera for its supervolcanic eruption estimated to have occurred 74,000 years before present which was responsible for six years of volcanic winter, and Mount Tambora for the most violent eruption in recorded history in 1815 and the resulting "Year Without a Summer".

Volcanoes in Indonesia are part of the Alpide belt and Pacific Ring of Fire. The 150 entries in the list below are grouped into six geographical regions, four of which belong to the volcanoes of the Sunda Arc trench system. The remaining two groups are volcanoes of Halmahera, including its surrounding volcanic islands, and volcanoes of Sulawesi and the Sangihe Islands. The latter group is in one volcanic arc together with the Philippine volcanoes.

The most active volcano is Mount Merapi on Java. Since AD 1000, Kelut has erupted more than 30 times, of which the largest eruption was at scale 5 on the volcanic explosivity index (VEI), while Mount Merapi has erupted more than 80 times. The International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior has named Mount Merapi as a Decade Volcano since 1995 because of its high volcanic activity.

As of 2012, Indonesia has 127 active volcanoes and about 5 million people live within the danger zones. It has been conjectured that the earthquake and tsunami event of 26 December 2004 could trigger eruptions, with Mount Sinabung (dormant since the 1600s) erupting in 2010 as a possible example.

The word for Mount in Indonesian and many regional languages of the country is Gunung. Thus, Mount Merapi may be referred to as Gunung Merapi.

Scope

There is no single standard definition of a volcano. It can be defined as individual vents, volcanic edifices, or volcanic fields. The interior of ancient volcanoes may have been eroded, creating a new subsurface magma chamber as a separate volcano. Many contemporary active volcanoes rise as young parasitic cones from flank vents or at a central crater. Some volcanic cones are grouped into one volcano name, for instance, the Tengger caldera complex, whereas, individual vents are named by local people. The status of a volcano, either active or dormant, cannot be defined precisely. An indication of a volcano is determined by either its historical records, radiocarbon dating, or geothermal activities.

The primary source of the list below is taken from the Volcanoes of the World book, compiled by two volcanologists Tom Simkin and Lee Siebert, in which active volcanoes in the past 10,000 years (Holocene) are listed. Particularly for Indonesia, Simkin and Siebert used a catalogue of active volcanoes from the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior publication series. The Simkin and Siebert list is the most complete list of volcanoes in Indonesia, but the accuracy of the record varies from one region to another in terms of contemporary activities and fatalities in recent eruptions. Complementary sources for the latest volcanic data are taken from the Volcanological Survey of Indonesia, a governmental institution which is responsible for volcanic activities and geological hazard mitigation in Indonesia, and some academic resources.

Geographical groups

Sumatra

The geography of Sumatra is dominated by a mountain range called Bukit Barisan (lit: "a row of hills"). The mountain range spans nearly from the north to the south of the island, and it was formed by movement of the Australian tectonic plate. The plate moves with a convergence rate of 5.5 cm/year which has created major earthquakes on the western side of Sumatra including the 2004 Sumatra–Andaman earthquake. The tectonic movement has been responsible not only for earthquakes, but also for the formation of magma chambers beneath the island.

Only one of the 35 active volcanoes, Weh, is separated from the Sumatran mainland. The separation was caused by a large eruption that filled the lowland between Weh and the rest of the mainland with sea water in the Pleistocene epoch. The largest volcano of Sumatra is the supervolcano Toba within the × Lake Toba, which was created after a caldera collapse (est. in 74,000 Before Present). The eruption is estimated to have been at level eight on the VEI scale, the highest level for a volcanic eruption. The highest peak of the mountain range is Mount Kerinci with an elevation of 3,800 m (12,467 ft). <onlyinclude> Name Shape Elevation Last eruption (VEI) Coordinates Weh stratovolcano Pleistocene Seulawah Agam stratovolcano (2) Peuet Sague complex volcano (2) Geureudong stratovolcano Kembar shield volcano Pleistocene |}</onlyinclude> Sibayak stratovolcano 1881 Sinabung stratovolcano 2 March 2021 (4) Toba supervolcano 75000 BC (8) Helatoba-Tarutung fumarole field Pleistocene Imun unknown unknown Sibualbuali stratovolcano unknown Lubukraya stratovolcano unknown Sorikmarapi stratovolcano Talakmau complex volcano unknown Sarik-Gajah volcanic cone unknown unknown Marapi complex volcano 2025 (continuing) Tandikat stratovolcano (1) Talang stratovolcano (2) Kerinci stratovolcano (on going) Hutapanjang stratovolcano unknown Sumbing stratovolcano (2) Masurai stratovolcano Pleistocene Kunyit stratovolcano unknown Pendan unknown unknown Belirang-Beriti complex volcano unknown Bukit Daun stratovolcano unknown Kaba stratovolcano (1) Dempo stratovolcano 2025 Patah unknown unknown Bukit Lumut Balai stratovolcano unknown Besar stratovolcano (1) Ranau caldera unknown Sekincau Belirang caldera unknown Suoh caldera Hulubelu caldera Rajabasa stratovolcano

Sunda Strait and Java The Sunda Strait separates the islands of Sumatra and Java with the volcanic island Krakatoa lying between them. Krakatau erupted violently in 1883, destroying two-thirds of the island and leaving a large caldera under the sea. This cataclysmic explosion was heard as far away as the island of Rodrigues near Mauritius (approx. away). A new parasitic cone, called Anak Krakatau (or the child of Krakatau), rose from the sea at the centre of the caldera in 1930. The other Krakatau islets from the 1883 eruptions are known as Sertung, Panjang and Rakata.

Java is a relatively small island compared to Sumatra, but it has a higher concentration of active volcanoes. There are 45 active volcanoes on the island excluding 20 small craters and cones in the Dieng volcanic complex and the young cones in the Tengger caldera complex. Some volcanoes are grouped together in the list below because of their close location. Mount Merapi, Semeru and Kelud are the most active volcanoes in Java. Mount Semeru has been continuously erupting since 1967. Mount Merapi has been named as one of the Decade Volcanoes since 1995. Ijen has a unique colourful caldera lake which is an extremely acidic natural reservoir (pH<0.3). There are sulfur mining activities at Ijen, where miners collect highly concentrated sulfur rocks by hand.

Name Shape Elevation Last eruption (VEI) Coordinates Krakatau caldera 2023 Pulosari stratovolcano unknown Gunung Karang stratovolcano unknown Salak stratovolcano (2) Kiaraberes-Gagak stratovolcano (1) Perbakti stratovolcano unknown Kendeng stratovolcano Pleistocene Gede stratovolcano (2) Pangrango stratovolcano unknown Patuha stratovolcano unknown Wayang-Windu lava dome unknown Malabar stratovolcano unknown Tangkuban Perahu stratovolcano (1) Papandayan stratovolcano (2) Kendang stratovolcano unknown Kamojang stratovolcano Pleistocene Guntur complex volcano (2) Tampomas stratovolcano unknown Galunggung stratovolcano (1) Talagabodas stratovolcano unknown Karaha fumarole unknown Ciremai stratovolcano Slamet stratovolcano Dieng complex volcano 2025 Sundoro stratovolcano (2) Sumbing stratovolcano (?) Ungaran stratovolcano unknown Telomoyo stratovolcano unknown Merbabu stratovolcano (2) Merapi stratovolcano 2025 (ongoing) Muria stratovolcano ± 30 years Lawu stratovolcano (1) Wilis stratovolcano unknown Kelud stratovolcano (4) Kawi–Butak stratovolcano unknown Arjuno–Welirang stratovolcano (0) Penanggungan stratovolcano unknown Malang Plain maar unknown Semeru stratovolcano 2025 (ongoing) Bromo stratovolcano 2023 Lamongan stratovolcano (2) Lurus complex volcano unknown Iyang-Argapura complex volcano unknown Raung stratovolcano 2025 (-) Ijen stratovolcano (1) Baluran stratovolcano unknown

Note: Height of Krakatau is of Rakata, not of the active Anak Krakatau

Lesser Sunda Islands The Lesser Sunda Islands is a small archipelago which, from west to east, consists of Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores, Sumba and the Timor islands; all are located at the edge of the Australian continental shelf. Volcanoes in the area are formed because of oceanic crusts and the movement of the shelf itself. Some volcanoes completely form an island, for instance, the Sangeang Api island. Mount Tambora, on Sumbawa island, erupted on 5 April 1815, with a scale 7 on the VEI and is considered the most violent eruption in recorded history.

Name Island Shape Elevation Last eruption (VEI) Coordinates Merbuk Bali unknown unknown Bratan Bali caldera unknown Batur Bali caldera 2000 (1) Agung Bali stratovolcano 2019 (3) Samalas Lombok stratovolcano (7) Rinjani Lombok stratovolcano 2016 (2) Tambora Sumbawa stratovolcano ± 20 years (0) Sangeang Api Sangeang complex volcano 2019 Wai Sano Flores caldera unknown Poco Leok Flores unknown unknown Ranakah Flores lava dome (1) Inierie Flores stratovolcano Inielika Flores complex volcano (2) Ebulobo Flores stratovolcano (2) Iya Flores stratovolcano (3) Sukaria Flores caldera unknown Ndete Napu Flores fumarole unknown Kelimutu Flores complex volcano (1) Paluweh Palu'e stratovolcano (1) Egon Flores stratovolcano 2008 Ilimuda Flores stratovolcano unknown Lewotobi Flores stratovolcano 2025 (ongoing) (3) Leroboleng Flores complex volcano (3) Riang Kotang Flores fumarole unknown Iliboleng Adonara Island stratovolcano (1) Lewotolo Lembata stratovolcano 2025 (ongoing) Ililabalekan Lembata stratovolcano unknown Iliwerung Lembata complex volcano 29 November 2021 Batu Tara Komba island stratovolcano 2007–2015 (2) Sirung Pantar Island complex volcano 2021 Yersey – submarine unknown

Banda Sea The Banda Sea in the south of the Molucca archipelago includes a small group of islands. Three major tectonic plates beneath the sea, the Eurasian plate, Pacific plate and Indo-Australian plate, have been converging since the Mesozoic epoch. Volcanoes in the Banda Sea are mainly islands, but some are submarine volcanoes.

Name Shape Elevation Last eruption (VEI) Coordinates Emperor of China submarine unknown Nieuwerkerk submarine unknown Gunungapi Wetar stratovolcano (3) Wurlali stratovolcano (2) Teon stratovolcano (2) Nila stratovolcano (1) Serua stratovolcano (2) Manuk stratovolcano unknown Banda Api caldera (3)

Sulawesi and Sangihe Islands

Four peninsulas dominate the shape of Sulawesi island (formerly known as Celebes). The central part is a high mountainous area, but mostly non-volcanic. Active volcanoes are found in the northern peninsula and continuously stretch to the north to Sangihe Islands. The Sangihe Islands mark the border with the Philippines.

Name Shape Elevation Last eruption (VEI) Coordinates Colo stratovolcano (4) Ambang complex volcano ± 5 years Soputan stratovolcano April 2020 Sempu caldera unknown Tondano caldera unknown Lokon–Empung stratovolcano 2019 Mahawu stratovolcano (0) Klabat stratovolcano unknown Tongkoko stratovolcano (1) Ruang stratovolcano April 2024 Karangetang stratovolcano 2023 Banua Wuhu submarine (3) Awu stratovolcano (2) Submarine 1922 submarine unknown

Halmahera